Quantitative Easing - Decreasing Interest Rates Research Paper

Quantitative Easing - Decreasing Interest Rates - Research Paper Example The practice is entirely different from the usual approach of purchasing and selling government bonds to maintain a targeted market interest rate. It must be emphasized that a central bank uses new electronically created money for the purchase of financial assets in order to implement quantitative easing policy. This practice is helpful for increasing excess bank reserves which in turn may lower yields. The ultimate goal of the quantitative easing policy is to cut down long-term interest rates so as to stimulate economic activities. For this purpose, monetary authorities purchase financial assets of longer maturity and thereby reduce long-term interest rates on the yield curve. In addition, the tool of quantitative easing is very helpful to ensure that inflation rate does not fall below the targeted level. This paper will analyze the pros and cons of quantitative easing and will discuss whether the Fed has a choice of using this tool in a highly recessionary economy. Benefits of Quan titative Easing As Elliott (2009) purports, the unconventional quantitative easing monetary policy may assists banks to keep excess reserves with them and hence to lend largely to businesses and individual borrowers. In turn, businesses will use these additional funds to finance productive activities including infrastructure development and R&D. Similarly, individual borrowers will use this new fund for their day to day activities or investment purposes. This will ensure effective circulation of money throughout the economy. Hence, these increased economic activities will certainly assist the economy to come out of stagnation and stimulate economic growth. Since this monetary tool is helpful to keep the inflation at a moderate level, it assists regulators to prevent the economy from falling into deflationary conditions. According to Kollewe (as cited in the guardian, 2009), US, UK, and Japan are very much interested in quantitative easing policies as a way to stabilize economic grow th. The writer points out that the US was the first country which used quantitative easing as a response to its recessionary conditions. According to International Monetary Fund, the major developed countries that deployed the quantitative easing policy since the beginning of the 21st century were less affected by the 2008 global financial crisis as compared to other industrially developed economies. During the 2008 global financial crisis, it has been identified that the quantitative easing boosted the financial markets by adding liquidity. A weaker currency that amplified export demand is also identified to be one of the major desirable side effects of quantitative easing policy. To a certain extent, the quantitative easing technique has assisted economies to diminish unemployment rate. While analyzing the US economy, it is obvious that this unconventional monetary tool has played a crucial role in the economy in overcoming the dreadful impacts of the 2008 global financial crisis. As per the report of Hermansson (2010), economists hold the view that US’ entire budget deficit would be funded for a fiscal year, if the quantitative easing has been set as high as $1 trillion. In order to take advantages of the quantitative easing policy, the Fed used the returns of previous bond purchases to acquire new long-term financial assets in 2010.  

Hotel Rwanda - The Rwandan Genocide Essay Example for Free

Hotel Rwanda The Rwandan Genocide Essay Hotel Rwanda is a film about the genocide that transpired within the premises of the city of Kigali, the heart of Rwanda during the year 1994. This evil act lasted for 100 days killing thousands of innocent lives of Rwandan men, women and children. But in the film, it did not focus on the genocide. Instead, it shed a light on the heroic and courageous deed of one ordinary man in an effort to save the lives of some of his countrymen. In the movie, almost all of the aspects of the genocide were tackled including the powerlessness of the United Nations to put a stop to the violent killings perpetrated by the Rwandan government and the Hutu rebels against the Tutsis. This was very much evident when the character of Dan Cheadle was promised by the UN Colonel that he, his family and all the refugees at the Milles Collines will be rescued. But when the colonel had a talk with another UN officer, the plan seemed to have changed. The colonel explained that only foreign nationals were allowed to leave Rwanda. Only a small number of troops were instructed to uphold peacekeeping and not peacemaking meaning they were not allowed to shoot at anyone even if they commit violent actions. More so, the minimal involvement of the international organizations and their eventual negligence over the escalating killings in Rwanda played a pivotal role in the increased deaths of thousands of people. Instead of helping the Tutsis to take refuge to a safer place in neighboring countries, these organizations decided not to get involve because of the misconception that nothing can restore the peace and order in an anarchic setting. Moreover in the movie, a Red Cross worker drew some attention because of how she showed her bravery by setting aside her fears and her own welfare just to save a few people from being mercilessly killed by the Hutus. Some aid workers decided to stay in order to help while others chose to flee in order to protect their welfare. Overall, the movie generated an accurate depiction of the Rwandan genocide. However, some controversial issues were downplayed like the role of the French in the uprising and arming of the Hutu rebels. After the genocide, some reports have surfaced that implicated a few French politicians and the French military with this tragic incident. According to the results of the findings of an â€Å"Independent Rwandan Commission,† the French government was â€Å"aware of preparations for the genocide and helped train the ethnic Hutu militia perpetrators. The report included that France provided the Hutus with â€Å"political, military, diplomatic and logistical support. † For almost 2 years, the commission had gathered data and interviewed several survivors. All the information that had been obtained, served as testimonies to the participation of the French government in the killing of almost 800,000 civilians in the span of 100 days (BBC, 2008). But the French vehemently refu ted the accusations. In their defense, they stated that the allegations were biased because the commission has only one thing in mind and that is to prove that the French are guilty. The â€Å"French Foreign Ministry said â€Å"there is no surprise in the conclusions of the commission given its mission† (CNN, 2008). Aside from this, the film also failed to include the admission of the United Nations of its failure to prevent the genocide. But for the UN, this became a learning experience. They realized that people should not be neglected specifically in times of dire need when lives are at stake (BBC, 2000). Given this new angle in the Rwandan genocide, it should have been also portrayed in the movie. This would have given viewers more accurate representation of what really happened in Rwanda in April 1994. Also, this would have been a chance for the whole world to determine who the real culprits were in one of the worst humanitarian crisis of the 20th century. More so, these events could have provided a comprehensive outlook on how humans are capable of doing horrendous and brutal acts just to have power and control.

The Use Of Merit Pay And Incentives Essay -- essays research papers

The Use of Merit Pay and Incentives The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of Merit Pay and Incentives as motivators for increased productivity. The key focus is the system at Richmond Memorial Hospital. To do so, one must begin at the beginning†¦.. The use of financial incentives (financial rewards) paid to workers whose production exceeds some predetermined standard was popularized by Frederick Taylor in the late 1800s. As a supervisory employee of the Midvale Steel Company, he had become concerned with what he called "systematic soldiering". This was the tendency of employees to work at the slowest pace possible and the fact that some of these same workers still had the energy to run home and work on their cabins, even after a hard 12-hour day. Taylor knew that if he could find some way to harness this energy during the workday, huge productivity gains would be achieved (REFERENCE?). Thus was born the concept of motivational and incentive systems. What is "motivation?" The root word is "move" which would mean that anyone who is moved to do something is motivated. Therefore, sitting on a tack, or at least the pain associated with it is a motivator. For those of us in Graduate School, we are aware that without a "B" average we will be eliminated from the program. Maintaining that average is our motivator. Attaining the certificate of graduation is our incentive. In psychology, at its most basic, a motivator is that which impels or compels an individual to act toward meeting a need. On a physiological level, thirst, hunger and sex are motivators or drives. They are basic needs which must be met. Relating this to a hospital environment, it is not base compensation which drives the employee, but what the base compensation can satisfy in a higher level of needs. Money can't buy love, but it can buy some security such as insurance benefits. After basic and security needs are met, compensation is not the motivator, but what compensation represents is (REFERENCE?). One statement that must be made before continuing is that needs are varied and can occur concurrently or over a period of hours or days, etc. And, needs are mixed. Hunger is a drive: The satisfaction of hunger can take several forms and, usually, when one is hungry one also is a little thirsty. Then, if the book, Tom Jones (AUTHOR, YEAR), was any indica... ...endations based on sustained performance (REFERENCE?). Another type of pay system is Pro-Pay where employees can receive lump sum merit bonuses once they reach the top of their pay range and is only paid for above average performance (REFERENCE?). Star/Superstar programs are where employees who represent the top ten percent of performers receive lump sum bonuses. Along with a Pay for Performance system, there must also be in place a incentive system. (Grossman, YEAR?). Pay perform & prod (next lines) (INCOMPLETE SENTENCE) "Many US business owners are finding that turning to incentive programs is a good way to boost productivity and improve morale† (REFERENCE- NEED PAGE NUMBER FOR DIRECT QUOTE).. A properly structured incentive-driven system (IDS) provides several methods and levels of compensation. All IDS systems must be tailored to each organization. What works in a hospital may not work in academia (Dressler, YEAR?). It is usually a mistake to implement an incentive plan without input from employees. Management should use a program design team composed of employees and supervisors. They could work with Human Resources in the development of The Use Of Merit Pay And Incentives Essay -- essays research papers The Use of Merit Pay and Incentives The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of Merit Pay and Incentives as motivators for increased productivity. The key focus is the system at Richmond Memorial Hospital. To do so, one must begin at the beginning†¦.. The use of financial incentives (financial rewards) paid to workers whose production exceeds some predetermined standard was popularized by Frederick Taylor in the late 1800s. As a supervisory employee of the Midvale Steel Company, he had become concerned with what he called "systematic soldiering". This was the tendency of employees to work at the slowest pace possible and the fact that some of these same workers still had the energy to run home and work on their cabins, even after a hard 12-hour day. Taylor knew that if he could find some way to harness this energy during the workday, huge productivity gains would be achieved (REFERENCE?). Thus was born the concept of motivational and incentive systems. What is "motivation?" The root word is "move" which would mean that anyone who is moved to do something is motivated. Therefore, sitting on a tack, or at least the pain associated with it is a motivator. For those of us in Graduate School, we are aware that without a "B" average we will be eliminated from the program. Maintaining that average is our motivator. Attaining the certificate of graduation is our incentive. In psychology, at its most basic, a motivator is that which impels or compels an individual to act toward meeting a need. On a physiological level, thirst, hunger and sex are motivators or drives. They are basic needs which must be met. Relating this to a hospital environment, it is not base compensation which drives the employee, but what the base compensation can satisfy in a higher level of needs. Money can't buy love, but it can buy some security such as insurance benefits. After basic and security needs are met, compensation is not the motivator, but what compensation represents is (REFERENCE?). One statement that must be made before continuing is that needs are varied and can occur concurrently or over a period of hours or days, etc. And, needs are mixed. Hunger is a drive: The satisfaction of hunger can take several forms and, usually, when one is hungry one also is a little thirsty. Then, if the book, Tom Jones (AUTHOR, YEAR), was any indica... ...endations based on sustained performance (REFERENCE?). Another type of pay system is Pro-Pay where employees can receive lump sum merit bonuses once they reach the top of their pay range and is only paid for above average performance (REFERENCE?). Star/Superstar programs are where employees who represent the top ten percent of performers receive lump sum bonuses. Along with a Pay for Performance system, there must also be in place a incentive system. (Grossman, YEAR?). Pay perform & prod (next lines) (INCOMPLETE SENTENCE) "Many US business owners are finding that turning to incentive programs is a good way to boost productivity and improve morale† (REFERENCE- NEED PAGE NUMBER FOR DIRECT QUOTE).. A properly structured incentive-driven system (IDS) provides several methods and levels of compensation. All IDS systems must be tailored to each organization. What works in a hospital may not work in academia (Dressler, YEAR?). It is usually a mistake to implement an incentive plan without input from employees. Management should use a program design team composed of employees and supervisors. They could work with Human Resources in the development of

Are the Views of the Roman Catholic Church Out of Touchs?

This essay does not intend to cause offence, come across as heretical or blasphemous in any way. Obviously, every single view the Roman Catholic Church holds are not out of touch with modern day attitudes, but this essay focuses on the views of the Church which are currently discussed most frequently. The controversy and criticism surrounding the Catholic Church in this day and age is of staggering proportions.It would be very difficult to pick up the same newspaper every day for a year and not at least once read a headline like ‘Catholic Bishop Denounces Gay Couples’ Right to Marriage’ or ‘Catholic Church Once Again Speaks Out Against Contraception Use’. It’s clear that some of the views of the Catholic Church can discriminate, intimidate, and generally infuriate people. The modern man or woman, in most cultures and societies is free to be gay, use contraception or become a priest regardless of your gender.However, the Catholic Church still ta kes an almost medieval approach to these issues, and by doing so has caused much outrage over the past few decades. Is this an ‘adapt or die’ situation? Is it the case that the Roman Catholic Church needs to be dragged kicking and screaming into the 21st century? Or are their traditional views still applicable today? It’s very easy to say that some of the views of the Roman Catholic Church are outrageously out of touch with the modern world, what with all the bad press it receives these days.But these views are based on beliefs that date back thousands of years. You might argue that, to keep up with today’s open and ever-changing society, the Catholic Church should allow room for adjustments to their views that they hold so firmly. However, some find it quite arrogant that people could be so bold as to suggest such a thing, considering these views are millennia old. Certain theories (and I stress the word ‘theories’) about some issues, such as the idea that homosexuality is acceptable, have been around for merely decades.Why should Catholics change their belief system, which is based on the near-on two thousand year old scriptures and the teachings of their current church, just because widely popular but relatively new ‘theories’ about matters that they deem sinful are becoming commonly accepted among many different cultures? It would be like demolishing the Sistine Chapel and rebuilding it but with galvanised steel and glass, just because those materials are popular choices for many large buildings these days. We cannot simply get rid of some beliefs that date back two millennia because of the opposing beliefs of opular demand. It’s important in this time when authority is challenged, people with a strong moral compass are hard to come by and human life is not valued very highly that we hold on to traditional Christian beliefs. If we did away with tradition and completely modernised the Catholic Chur ch we’d have the Pope going out on Saturday nights, drinking his own body weight in alcoholic beverages, starting violent fights with anyone who accidently bumps into him then find the nearest tipsy female and get her pregnant in a drunken one-night-stand.This may be a slight exaggeration, but you get the point: if we start picking away and changing the traditional beliefs then we end up with a church people will find hard to take seriously because of its lack of moral principal. If you signed a contract and then without telling you the contractor went against certain terms and condition within the contract I would imagine that you’d be jolly annoyed and completely lose any trust you had in that contractor. Some say that the Catholic Church is not out of touch with modern day mores, but simply sticking to tradition in order to remain a strong and consistent church.Whilst tradition is important, for the Catholic Church to grow and to rid itself of its controversial labe ls, the fact of the matter is it needs to adjust and update itself to fit modern day attitudes. Its views on homosexuality, contraception and female ordination are very much stuck in a previous century, and if it does wish to grow then it will have to find a new approach to such issues. It’s clear to most that being gay is acceptable in this day and age. Contraception usage is encouraged in most parts of the world.Women becoming priests is allowed by many cultures. However, the Catholic Church denounces all of these things, most of the time openly. In the eyes of the Roman Catholic faith, being gay or using a condom is sinful. Can a Church that classifies these such things as sinful really grow in today’s open, free-speaking society? The Catholic Church teaches that homosexual behaviour is a violation of divine and natural law; basically, being gay is sinful. 10% of the population of the world is gay or has had a homosexual experience.Linking these two facts together, surely this doesn’t mean that the Catholic Church deems 10% of the population sinners, doomed to spend an eternity in the fiery pits of hell? Today, homosexuality is widely accepted by many communities. You would’ve thought that because of this, the Catholic Church would keep relatively quiet about their views on the subject. But they are not afraid to preach their beliefs through the media. In September last year, it made the headlines that the Scottish government was holding a consultation on whether gay marriage should be introduced.Not long after this did the proposal come under fire from the Roman Catholic Church. The Bishop of Paisley Philip Tartaglia (who was tipped to be the next Archbishop of Glasgow) said that a Scottish government that backed gay marriage did not deserve the support of the Catholic community. This came after the most senior Scottish catholic, Cardinal Keith O'Brien, said legalising gay marriage would â€Å"shame Scotland in the eyes of the world†. There’s no doubt that this story would not fail in making homosexuals in Scotland feel discriminated.Discrimination on this scale belongs in pre-1970’s America and in history books and should not still be making headlines today. The Catholic Church does not have the right to discriminate against homosexuals, and if they feel that it is their faith that teaches them to do so, then their faith is most certainly out of touch with the world as it is and needs to update itself. Christian acceptance of contraception use is relatively new; up until the start of the 20th century all churches frowned upon the use of artificial contraception.In modern times, many churches say it is acceptable to use contraception, but the Roman Catholic Church still forbids it. It regards the use of contraception as intrinsically evil for a variety of reasons. The main issue for Catholics is that using contraception is against ‘natural law’; the purpose of sex is to pr oduce offspring. Catholics have held this belief about sex and contraception since the beginning of Christianity. These days, birth control is widely accepted and even promoted in the West, and it looks like the Catholic Church might be fighting a losing battle.A study carried out in 2008 suggests that most practising Catholics are ignoring the Church's teachings on contraception and sex. 1,500 Mass-goers in England and Wales were surveyed by The Tablet magazine. It was found that the contraceptive pill is used by 54. 5% and nearly 69% had used or would consider using condoms. These statistics come 40 years after Pope Paul VI forbade birth control use in his encyclical Humanae Vitae (Of Human Life). The survey also found that more than half think that the teaching should be revised.With figures such as this, coupled with the fact that most people in the West consider using a condom or other forms of contraception the normal and right thing to do, it appears that the Catholic Church is out of touch with modern society on the issue of contraception usage. The idea that a female should become a priest would have been utterly preposterous just a few decades ago, but now in many churches, such as the Anglican Church and most branches of the Protestant Church, the ordination of women is completely acceptable.Although not the only Church that does so, the Roman Catholic Church is possibly the most vocal of Christian churches to denounce the right for women to be ordained. In fact, in 2007 the Holy See issued a decree stating that the attempted ordination of women would result in automatic excommunication for the women and priests trying to ordain them. Once again, here we see an example where the Roman Catholic Church is lagging behind the fast moving modern day. The idea that only a man should be allowed to become a priest is, many believe, sexist.Granted, other Churches, such as the Orthodox Church, take the same view on such matters, but it’s not a case of ‘everybody does it, so it’s fine’. If the Catholic Church wants to seem less repellent towards the modern day man or (in this case in particular) woman, it needs to adapt itself. A survey carried out by the Association of Catholic Priests (ACP) showed that 77% of Irish Catholics wanted women priests. With figures such as these, it’s clear that an update of the views of the Roman Catholic Church is very much in demand.The subject of abortion is one of great debate and controversy. Not everybody agrees with abortion, but if women choses to abort an unborn baby, for whatever reason, then that is her decision and she will have to live with that. The Roman Catholic Church takes a very firm line on the matter of abortion, saying that deliberately causing one is a grave moral wrong. Having an abortion has led to automatic excommunication from the Catholic Church since the sixteenth century.Unless under strict conditions (laid out by the Canon Law, which states te n extreme circumstances In the past, the Roman Catholic Church has come under attack for being too strict and too extreme over some issues that, in the 21st century, are in common practice, such as being gay or using a condom during sex. Admittedly, tradition is important and sticking to it shows a firm and consistent church, but is a church which openly deems homosexuality, contraception and female ordination sinful really able to remain strong in a society where such things are widely accepted?To use a final analogy: every successful species on earth has had the ability to evolve – adapt to its surrounding. If an animal does not evolve then in more cases than not, that animal will die. The fact of the matter is the Catholic Church has not evolved since its birth some two thousand years ago. To survive it must adapt, because at the moment the only conclusion I can come to is that some of the views of the Roman Catholic Church are very much out of touch with modern day mores.

My Argument Paper

Stefanie Markel 1/2/2012 English Composition II Maria Mahon Adoption vs. Artificial Insemination Argument Essay When starting a family, parents are given several options. Unassisted pregnancy, where a couple gets pregnant with no outside interference, artificial insemination, or adoption are several options that a couple would consider when deciding to start a family. The two that I will focus on are the latter two, adoption and artificial insemination. Adoption is a special, somewhat heartbreaking subject for me, however, for the sake of this argument, it needs to be addressed. I will touch on the pros and cons of each technique of starting a family. My position is that the decision to adopt or be artificially inseminated is an informed decision that each person should make after reviewing all of the information that one can gather. IF it were me, I would prefer artificial insemination, for of course, my own personal reasons. The adoption process brings to light several pros and several cons that a couple or single parent would need to consider before proceeding. Before considering adoption, one would need to consider these things, 1. cost of adoption, 2. ) domestic or international adoption, 3. ) and cost of caring for child, 4. ) opened or closed adoption. One pro of adoption is if you are not able to have a child of your own, there are many children out there that need a home and family to care for them. Depending on the situation a child is in, you may be saving that child from abuse, neglect, poverty, or malnutrition from environmental challenges (if a dopted internationally you may see this more so than domestically). On the other hand, it may be a situation of an underage mother that has no help or ability to care for the child. Another pro of adoption is that you would be able to have a child even if you as couple or as a single mother cannot conceive on your own. A con of adoption is that it is expensive; there is a lot that goes into approving someone to be able to adopt a child. And the time that it takes for an adoption to be finalized can take months up to years. The end result of holding a child in your arms is the biggest pro of all. Now a con in the child’s point of view would be not knowing who your biological parents are or your heritage. As a child who was adopted grows older, he/she may have questions that can be difficult at best to explain depending on the circumstances of the adoption. This is where my experience comes in; however, my experience is an exceptional situation. I was adopted by my maternal grandmother at the age of 10 years old. This was an open adoption. This made things very difficult. My mother did not just have my grandmother adopt and then leave me be. No, she was in and out of my life constantly, usually when it was convenient for her. This made things difficult for my adoptive mother to deal with. This is not usually a normal situation. My children, not by my choice, however, were also adopted last year. The adoptive parents do not allow me contact, this is a closed adoption. I hope to one day change this. (personal experience) While my mother gave up her rights willingly, I did not willingly sign the papers giving up my rights, I was forced to. These are two extreme situations of adoption. When my children get older, they will ask the questions of who they are and where they come from of their adoptive parents, then my hope is that they will come find me so that we may eventually have a mother/children relationship. The second option that is available for prospective parents is artificial insemination. This is a slightly less expensive option to become parents, depending on what route you take. A pro to this, is that you can become a natural parent, by this I mean the child is yours biologically. Now depending on the situation, you may be seeking to have a child, but do not have a partner. Or your partner (male) may not be able to help conceive a child. These are just two reasons that you would choose this option, there are many reasons, and all are different for different people. In this process, at least one process that is, you can go to cryogenic clinic, select the donor you wish, and have a doctor inseminate you. To choose a donor, select age, race, medical history (personal and family), profession, hobbies. This will bring up donors to choose from. Another con is that even though you can select pretty much everything about a donor, your child will not look like your partner, and could eventually raise questions later. Another con, as a single parent choosing this option, as your child grows older, they may ask questions that you cannot answer, as well as the question to find their biological father. In conclusion, of the two options given, each have their pros and cons but they both have a wonderful ending result, a child to love. No matter what choice you choose, remember a child is a precious responsibility and nothing to take lightly. When it comes time for me to choose, it may be possible for me to choose both, having been adopted I do know the benefits to the child in a normal situation. And I would love to experience pregnancy again, although I may not have a partner, I do know that I will have lots of support if I decide to do the second option. I would very much like to give a child a home someday and get them out of whatever situation they are in. References Adoption. com, retrieved 1/4/2012 from http://forums. doption. com/thanks-life/62158-seeking-adoptees-pro-life-pro-adoption-testimonies. html Adoption. org, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http://www. adoption. org/adopt/pro-adoption. php Personal Experience of being adopted and having my children taken from me and being adopted by foster parents LifeScript: Healthy Living for Women, retrieved 1/3/201, http://www. lifescript. com/Health/Conditions/Womens- health/Pregnancy/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Artificial_Insemination. aspx WebMD, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http://www. webmd. com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/artificial-insemination

Drug Prevention Campaign Of Las Pinas City Essays

Drug Prevention Campaign Of Las Pinas City Essays Drug Prevention Campaign Of Las Pinas City Essay Drug Prevention Campaign Of Las Pinas City Essay Different anti-drug laws, agencies and campaigns are created by the government to address drug abuse. Republic Act 91 65, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, was promulgated by the Philippine Government to safeguard its citizen from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs. To ensure a more efficient implementation of the said act, it has provided the local government units with authority to formulate, enact and implement programs to control the increase of drug abuse within their locality. To guarantee a more effective implementation and enforcement of his Act to all the localities, a campaign is made to ensure its successful enforcement and implementation. The Drug Prevention Campaign Program is one of the programs of the national and local government in fighting against the drug dependency among all the levels of society. This program will be effective if the government will respond to the needs of the community and if it will incorporate strong monitoring and evaluating components in enforcing the campaign. Drug Prevention Campaign efforts typically focus on minors children and teens. This campaign aims to reduce the motivation of the individuals to use illicit drugs by increasing their knowledge about the potential negative consequences of drug use. According to Inn Hernandez Maillot (2011), drug Prevention Campaign in the Philippines was designed to contribute in the reduction on intake of illicit drugs among all sectors of society by raising the publics awareness and participation. The program is designed to educate the public of the different kinds of illegal drugs and issues associated with it. The campaign commonly uses primary preventive communication through advertising public relations and promotions, source development, and online communication activities. The researchers chose Lass Aphasia City as the local government unit to conduct an assessment of its citizens perception towards the drug prevention campaign implemented within its jurisdiction. The perception of the citizens towards a specific program or campaign of a local government is vital to its success. Governments efforts would not be effective without the help and the cooperation of the people in the community. For generations, the community has served a vital role in terms of offering camaraderie and of acting as a support system of the government. The idea of community may simply come down to supporting and interacting positively with other individuals who share similar interests. Community involvement is a very important aspect of development for any community no matter what the size is. Through community us port and involvement, assessment and understanding the needs of the population will be much easier. It provides a forum for the public to be informed and encourage them to actively be involved in decision making that may ultimately affect their community. Every government program to be successful demands the participation of its citizens. This study aims to determine the impact of citizens perception on decision making taken up by the local government in relation to drug prevention campaign. The researchers measured the perception of the citizens in order to determine whether positive feedback is an indicator of effectiveness or if negative feedback is indicative of program failure. According to Section 51 , Article 7 of Republic Act 91 65, Local Government Units Assistance, local government units shall appropriate a substantial portion Of their respective annual budgets to assist in or enhance the enforcement of this Act, giving rarity to preventive or educational programs and rehabilitation or treatment of drug dependents. This paper looked into how the citizens of Lass Pias City perceive the Drug Prevention Campaign being implemented by their Local Government Unit, more particularly the action taken by the local police and other task force created for the purpose. Conceptual F-ramekin Fig. 1 This figure shows the importance of citizens participation in influencing public decision. The City Government of Lass Pias, in coordination with the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PEED), exerts its fort to prevent drug addiction as well as other related crimes within its jurisdiction. Like all other local government units, it aims to protect its citizens from the various implications of illegal drugs. Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, has been enacted to protect the society from the harmful effects of using and even selling illegal drugs. Thus, it prevents or reduces the massive supply and demand of these dangerous drugs. Being the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board, RA 91 65 authorizes PEED to conduct arrests, search and seizures and all other acts in accordance with the law. The law enforcers of the local government should work hand in hand with the said Board. In line with the problem at hand, the researchers of the study attempted to find out the current status of the drug prevention campaign of the law enforcers and the local government in the City of Lass Paisa and also the response of the community in supporting campaign of their local government officials. Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the status of the drug prevention campaign implemented by the City of Lass Aphasia and its law enforcers and the receptiveness of the citizens in participating to the local governments managing and programs. Specifically, this study attempts to find the answers to the following questions: 1. What is the current status of drug related crimes in the City of Lass Paisa? 2. What is the present condition of Lass Paisa City campaign against drug addiction? 3. What actions are taken by the local government of Lass Aphasia and its law enforcement unit to prevent drug addiction or abuse? . In what ways does the community show its support in pa artic patting to the local governments campaign against drug addiction? 5. How effective is the drug prevention campaign program of Lass Aphasia City in monitoring and reducing the menacingly increasing number of drug dependents? Sass motions 1 . The local government of Lass Aphasia City is able to l essen, if not fully stub out instances of drug-related crimes within its jurisdiction. 2. Lass Aphasia City is successful with their campaign against drug addiction and was able to establish a drug-free community. . The local government and its law enforcers implement and disseminate the programs in relation to Republic Act 9165 to reduce and prevent the massive increase of drug abuse in Lass Paisa City. 4. The residents are aware and they are participating in the programs of the coal government and its law enforcement units in the campaign against drug abuse. 5. The local government of Lass Aphasia City effectively implements the drug prevention campaign program within its jurisdiction in terms of controlling or reducing the number of drug dependence. Scope and Delimitation The researchers focused on the inquiry about the perception of the citizens in relation to the effectiveness of the drug prevention campaign implemented within the local government of Lass Paisa City. The researchers started formulating their study from the month of December 2011 and ended May 2012. The researchers conducted surveys to the residents and interviews with different local officials of the local government unit. The survey done was limited to 30 respondents from each of the 10 randomly selected bargains within Lass Aphasia City. Significance of the Study This study will benefit the following: Local government and law enforcement Of Lass Pins City- This will help the local government of Lass Aphasia determine whether the projects and programs that are currently implemented in their locality are effective in eradicating or, at least, in lessening the problems of illegal drugs in their community. Parents. This will help them realize that they shall be primarily responsible for the education and awareness of the family members on the ill effects of dangerous drugs and to closely monitor the family members who may be susceptible to drug abuse. Youth. This will aid them to understand and become more aware of the negative implications of using illegal drugs not only to their health but to their future. The said awareness will hinder them from becoming drug users. Future Researchers. This will help encourage other researchers to conduct further studies in line with the implementation ND effectiveness of the said law not only in Lass Aphasia City but in other places in the Philippines. Definition of Terms Board or DB. Refers to the Dangerous Drugs Board under Section 77, Article IX of Republic Act 9165. Dangerous Drugs. Any chemical or biological substance consumed to alter ones mental and physical status and thus identified and prohibited by law. Drug Dependence. Based on the World Health Organization definition, it is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high priority thereby involving, among others, a strong desire r a sense of compulsion to take the substance and the difficulties in substance-taking behavior in terms of its onset, termination or levels of use. PEED. Refers to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency under Article IX, Section 82 of Republic Act 9165. Pusher. Any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away to another or any term, whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of such transactions in violation of the law. Rehabilitation Center. Any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers which administer the treatment, after-care and follow-up treatment of drug dependents. It includes institutions, agencies and the like whose purpose are: the development of skills, arts, and technical know-how; counseling; and/or inculcating civic, social, and moral values to drug patients, with the aim of weaning them from dangerous drugs and keeping them drug-free, adapted to their families and peers, and readjusted into the community as law abiding useful and productive citizens. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature This chapter includes gathered information from books, journals, periodicals ND other on-line references which provided the researchers with facts and data used to support their claims in this study. Foreign Literature According to Foresee (1 993), drug abuse is rife in many countries. Billions of dollars are spent in preventing drug abuse and its proliferation. Drug abuse is not only a domestic problem, but also a worldwide issue. It has caused many different problems across all the levels of society. Drug Education is teaching and communicating to help people avoid harm caused by the abuse of various drugs (Wilson Colander, 201 1). Drug Education is usually done with young people in schools and it is also taught in some communities both the young and the old. According to Herman and Fox (1 970), one of the greatest difficulties in discussing drugs is the lack of understanding of the terminology used. Substances with abuse potential range from simple kitchen spices through common flowers and weeds to highly sophisticated drugs. All these substances may be divided into five categories: 1) narcotics, 2) sedatives, 3) tranquilizer, 4) stimulants, and 5) hallucinogens. Medically defined, narcotics are drugs which produce insensibility or stupor due to their depressant effect n the central nervous system. Included in this definition are opium, opium derivatives (morphine, codeine, and heroin) and synthetic opiates (unfeminine, methadone). As regulated by Federal Narcotics Law, the term narcotics also embraces the coca leaf and its derivative, cocaine. Pharmacologically, this drug is a stimulant, not a depressant, but for law enforcement purposes it is considered a narcotic. All other drugs susceptible to abuse are non-narcotics. According to Hanson and Venture (2008), many people think that todays problems with drug use and abuse are unique to this era. As one reads about ancient culture, however, one realizes that drug use has always been part Of human history. For example, the Grecian oracles of Delphi used drugs, Homers Cup of Helen induced sleep and provided freedom from care, and mandrake root supplied hallucinogenic belladonna compounds. There are numerous descriptions in ancient literature of the use of mushrooms, durra, hemp, marijuana, opium poppies, and so on. Under the influence of some of these, drugs many people experience extreme ecstasy or terror. Some old pictures of demons and devils look very much like those described by modern rug users during so-called bummers or bad trips, Witches beliefs that they could fly may have been drug induced because many of the natural preparations used in Witches brews induced the sensation of dissociation from the body -? in Other words, flying or floating. Some drug use can lead to attempts to regulate it legally. For instances, problem drinking is addressed in the Code of Hamburg (2240 B. C. And is described as a problem of men with too much leisure time and lazy dispositions. Nearly every culture has a part of its historical record laws controlling the use of a wide range of drugs, including tobacco. According to the book of Philip Bean (2008), for centuries many people and institutions have made efforts to limit the use and abuse of various drugs, mostly in the form of legal sanctions and restrictions enforced by governments. However, as democracy has proliferated, an increasing reliance on voluntary limits to promote education is called for. This is not to say that government controls are not widely implemented-a look at U. S. Government spending patterns shows otherwise but it is to say that drugs education has developed into a movement and an industry over the last 40 years. Paradoxically, the success of the prevention efforts led to public apathy. Politicians and other leaders took the cue and put drug abuse prevention on the back burner of policy formation and executive action. At the same time, violence, health care reform, welfare reform, and economic issues generated consternation and contentions debate. It is ironic that alcohol, tobacco and other drug abuse have ties to all of those issues, but somehow apathy remains widespread. This comprehensive approach has led to more awareness of the multiple causative factors of violence, such as poverty, unemployment, the easy availability of firearms, the breakdown of the family, TV and media presentations of violence, and, of course, drugs. All of these issues must be addressed if we are to have an impact on violent crime. Our interest here is particularly on drugs. Drugs are linked to crime in three ways. First, drug addicts commit crimes to support their illegal drug habits. These crimes are usually against property, such as shoplifting, purse snatching, burglary and money is the object. These addicts may become violent if a situation escalates, but violence is not their intent. This type of crime has been the intended result of government drug policies. This conclusion is tempered by the fact that addicts are involved in more crime than non-addicts, prior to the onset of drug abuse. The second connection between drugs and crime is the violence associated with the drugs trade. Potential profits are great, and those involved lack moral constraints against violence, so assault and homicide, are ordinary business practices. This connection was seen during the Prohibition Era when organized crime tried to supply the nations thirst for alcohol. Drug trade violence has been with all illegal drugs, including Arizona, amphetamines, heroin and cocaine. During the 1 9805, crack cocaine came on the scene, and this drug, in particular, was associated with the most excessive and vicious crime and violence drive-by shootings became a common phrase. The third relationship between drugs and crime is a pharmacological one. Consumers of mind-altering drugs can become irrational, excited, agitated or unable to control their anger and violent impulses. Foreign Studies The purpose of the study made by Mary Ann Pent and Gunned Gaur Joshua (2006) Translation in Tobacco and Drug Abuse Prevention Research, is to scribe the translation of research on tobacco and drug abuse prevention from basic science to program development to large-scale program dissemination, and from animal to human studies. Relevant continuity of translation is discussed by referring to two variables that have been studied for their potential relationship to drug use risk in both animals and humans: sensation and novelty seeking and low impulse control. Review of the research indicates relatively slow translation until the early 1 sass. The authors recommend several mechanisms to promote more rapid translation cross types of research that encourage reciprocal rather than unidirectional transmission of knowledge to expedite the development and diffusion of more timely, targeted drug abuse prevention programs. Local Literature According to Llamas (2009), to enhance a quick and comprehensible study of the Dangerous Drugs Act and its application is simply by requiring much effort in understanding the penalties to be imposed for a particular drug or group of drugs. The purpose of law enforcement and of the institution and prosecution of criminal cases and other related proceedings in this Act will to be enough because when you put the law in motion, this will require a basic or working knowledge of pertinent provisions of the rules of criminal procedure and evidence. It is in the non-observance of these legal procedures or rules that criminal cases are sometimes dismissed although the evidence against an accused is strong. To provide a comprehensive knowledge of the Dangerous Drugs Act and how it works for those presently engaged, or in the future, may engage in the business or profession of law enforcement or related works. The author has incorporated into this book a discussion of epics that include basic rules of criminal procedure and evidence, law enforcement methods and pertinent judicial precedents. The subject of the Dangerous Drugs Act is crucial in addressing the problems on illegal drugs. It is, therefore, a must for everybody, especially public officers engaged in law enforcement and related works, lawyers, prosecutors and judges, to be well informed about the different facets concerning dangerous drugs; their sources; manner of preparation and use; how they work and affect users; what physical signs to watch out that will indicate drug use, abuse or diction. Local Studies The undergraduate thesis made by Sanding, Cortez and Metrical entitled Assessment of the Local Government Response to Drug Addiction in the Municipality of Dissimilar, Cavity 1994 ;1998 found out that the local government of Dissimilar has programs for their anti-drug campaign such as the creation of the Municipal Physical Fitness and Sports Development Council (MFC). In this study, the citizens of Dissimilar affirmed that they are aware of the program regarding preventive education and information found in newspapers. However, the citizens are not aware of the said aerogram of the Local Government of Municipality of Dissimilar because of some reasons such as lack of funds, poor implementation and lack of participation from the community. Chapter 3 Methodology This part contains discussions about the method used, sources of data, data instruments and respondents. Research Method and Design The research design used in the study is the Mixed Method of research. According to Crewel (201 2), Mixed Method of Research approaches the inquiry of the combination and association of both qualitative and quantitative forms of research. It involves philosophical assumptions that dude the direction of the collection and analysis of data and the mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches in many phases in the research process. It focuses on collecting, analyzing and data mixing of both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or series of studies. Its central premise is that the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches in combination provides a better understanding of research problems than either approach alone. According to the definition, mixed method of research involves both collecting and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data includes closed-ended information such as those found on attitude, behavior or performance instruments. In contrast, qualitative data consists Of open-ended information that the researcher gathers through interviews with participants. The general, open-ended questions asked during these interviews allow the participants to supply answers in their own words. The researchers conducted surveys and interviews with persons of authority over data regarding the topic. Sources of Data The monthly reports of the drug abuse cases and the drug abuse crime related incidents from January 2011 to April 201 2 were taken from the Philippine National Police Station of Lass Pias City. For topics related to education, information dissemination, creation and implementation of programs in relation to drug prevention campaign of the locality, the researchers conducted an interview with the Lass Aphasia City Anti-Drug Abuse Council representatives and personnel. The procedure of assessment, recommendation and acceptance for rehabilitation of drug dependents were gathered from the Lass Paisa City Anti-Drug Abuse Council, Rehabilitation Division. Furthermore, the researchers also conducted interviews with officials of different agencies of the government. The information gathered from the said interviews were vital in the completion of this study. The names of the said interviewees are provided for in the next item. Data Instruments Survey. The researchers conducted a survey with randomly selected residents of Lass Aphasia City with 30 respondents for each of the 10 barraging. This was done to help the researchers establish a background on the perception of the citizens regarding the programs created, implemented, and enforcement of the Act by the Lass Pias City Anti-Drugs Abuse Council and the Local police Force. Moreover, the researchers had the opportunity to gauge the effectiveness and efficiency of the Lass Aphasia City Anti-Drugs Abuse Council and the Lass Paisa City Police Department campaign through the citizens response in the survey. The researchers conducted an interview with Mrs.. Mallow Cobol, the technical assistant of Hon.. Oscar C. Penal (incumbent City Councilor of Lass Pias) about the budget and funding of the Anti-Drug Abuse Council. The researchers also conducted an interview with Mrs.. Maria Castillo, Lass Paisa City Anti-Drug Abuse Council staff, Rehabilitation Division, regarding the recommendation, assessment and acceptance for rehabilitation process of rug dependents. To be able to acquire data about the role of the local government in education and distribution of information regarding the drug prevention campaign of the locality, the researchers interviewed Mr.. Andrea D. Pedro, Technical Assistant for Education of Office of the Mayor. In relation to the number of felons caught per month on crimes related to drug abuse and the measures taken up by the law enforcers of Lass Paisa City, the researchers interviewed police Senior Superintendent Ormolu Spatula, Chief of Police of Lass Aphasia City. Respondents Lass Pias City is divided into 20 bargains. These bargains are grouped into two legislative districts, each with its own set of representatives in the city council. All captains of the bargains in Lass Aphasia City, being on the front line and having a direct hand over the problem of the populace, were considered as respondents. The researchers conducted the sun,eye in 10 randomly selected bargains with 30 respondents each, all of whom are residents thereof. Chapter 4 presentation, Interpretation and Analysis Of Data This chapter shows the results of the survey, interview and other important data relevant to the study of the researchers in line with the perceptions of he citizens of Lass Pias City regarding the drug prevention campaign of the City Government of Lass Aphasia and its law enforcers.

To Hack or Not to Hack essays

To Hack or Not to Hack essays Look at them, sitting there unscathed like small children. The poor unsuspecting file server and its accompanying network of computers are just inviting the lonely hacker in. Hacking is an art generally performed by deft hands and quick minds. True hackers are few. The term hacker was an epithet given to computer geeks in the days when computers were an uncommon commodity. These computer gurus were said to hack away at the keyboard all day. The public view of hackers is bad but far from the truth. The public views all hackers as social outcasts who break into computers and destroy them by exposing sensitive information or spreading virii everywhere. This is technically wrong, as this definition is known to the digital underground as a Cracker. Every true hacker's ultimate goal is knowledge. Any possible means may be used to obtain that, including many illegal ones. On the other hand, a cracker breaks into computer systems for the sheer joy of destruction and confusion. People like this should be put behind bars. I am not a bad hacker and expose these holes to help the Administrators minimize future attacks. Recently, I have found dozens of college servers holding web sites that just scream to be defaced by hackers worse than me. They are running an older version of Microsoft FrontPage extensions. This shows us one of two problems with the System Administrators: either they are too lazy to update their software, or they are too ignorant to know how. As System Administrators, their job is to constantly update the server to maintain its security. If they fail, they should not have the job. It is up to good hackers like me to show them these vulnerabilities to minimize the damage done. Using the vulnerabilities in this older version of the FrontPage software, I gained access to the Wyoming University's password file and ultimately gained access to that server. I added a small link to the bott...

The Most Complete Collection Of Narrative Essay Topics

The Most Complete Collection Of Narrative Essay Topics Topics For A Narrative Essay Narrative essays are probably one of the simplest types of essays not depending on whether you are in high school or college. They give you the freedom to choose from a wide range of topics, including your own experience, memorable situations, role models or even fictional stories. It is crucial to choose a unique and interesting topic to engage the reader, render your personality and writing skills. There are multiple ideas on various websites but none of them can compete with the list below! Before deciding what to write about, we strongly recommend you to get familiar with essays samples, which will inspire you and motivate to work. When the topic is selected, make sure you devote enough time to researching the information and providing a 100% original content. Never copy online examples, as it may cost you a grade or even your academic success. It is better to cite every source and show how competent you are. Try to focus on the discussed subject and guide the audience through your own memories and stories. If you give yourself the freedom to put all of your thoughts on paper, you will surely write an amazing story. Why a narrative essay topic is so important? When you are given a task to write an essay, you usually have a chance to decide whether to accept the topic, given by your tutor or to come up with your own.   There shouldn’t be any rush, because the success of the essay greatly depends on the topic you select. If you still don’t know how to do it yourself, just turn to professional writing services! You need to choose a topic, which is relevant to the audience, has plenty of information online and is able to light your inner fire. Narrative essay is probably the only academic genre, where you can show your creativity and imagination to the maximum. When working on such an essay, you can omit a strict structure and other guidelines. That’s why the narrative essay is definitely the most popular and liked genre among students. However, being able to choose the topic on your own becomes very challenging for a writer. When you get a chance to write about anything you want, you can experience a lack of ideas. That is why many students stick to the first idea, which comes to their mind but the result is usually very poor. Remember, the topic should make you feel emotional and be equally interesting for the reader. To boost your imagination and help to make a choice, we have made a list of outstanding topic ideas, organized in subcategories for your maximum convenience. Experience topics The main aim of a narrative essay lies in teaching you to tell about experiences and thoughts in a literary way. To be able to write a great essay you need to think about all the experiences of your own life, including positive and negative examples. Try to provide the reader with vivid pictures and bright details in order to grab their attention. Topics on your experiences include: What was the most embarrassing situation in your life? What experience made you scared? Experience, which showed your life values; Experience, which taught to appreciate what you have; Experience, which helped you to beat cowardice; Unpleasant situation you had to face; Situation, which taught you to value life; Unforgettable days with your relatives; Tell the story of your success in facts; Experience of traveling on your own. Childhood Childhood is a unique period, when every day you learn something new, get new experiences and impressions. Children are sincere and naive, so very often they are involved in funny or even ridiculous situations. Every person has interesting stories from childhood years and they are unique, having no similarities with stories of others. That is why choosing such a topic you will get the attention of the audience and create a solid foundation for the future essay. A time, when you were hurt in the park. What happened? What situation helped you to grow up? What was the most remarkable birthday party? What made it that way? Whom you wanted to be when you were a child? Your favorite childhood game. Why? Situation, when you got hurt, when playing outdoors; What you miss the most about childhood? The most valuable thing from your childhood; Did you love crafting anything, when you were a child? Who were your favorite fairytale and cartoon characters? School years School period is very important because it is a transition time between being a child and becoming an adult. We learn lots of skills, acquire knowledge and learn how to communicate. These years are filled with challenges, which improve our personality and shape our future selves. The problems you have to face and challenges you have to solve are unique, so writing about them in your narrative essay is surely an original way to be heard. Your favorite school subject. Why? Examples, when a teacher became your role model; The first time, when you participated in a school event; The most awful thing that happened to you in class; Would you like to be friends with a particular teacher? Why? Your favorite elementary school subject; A teacher from your kindergarten or school that you are friends with; Influence of your school friends on your life; Did some teachers influence your personality? Relationships People are social creatures, so it is impossible to imagine our lives without interacting with others. We all have memories of our parents, friends and the people we love. That is why your story is always private, soul-touching and unique. Such topics are always a great source of good ideas for a narrative essay. The person, who you fear losing the most; Do you have any loyal friends? Tell about them; A breakup with a friend you have ever experienced; Who you are most afraid of? A situation, when you were rejected; A misunderstanding with a person you love; The most serious argument you have had with parents; Have you ever been in love? How did it feel? Impact of love on your personality. Topics on morality Every country has its own laws, which regulate the everyday lives of its citizens. However, there are more universal laws that have no borders and concern morality and ethics. Morality has lots of unsolved questions and the solution usually contains different opinions. For example, to do something and meet ethics norms or to do something opposite and violate those rules. That is what makes morality topics so interesting and helps to stir arguments and discussions in the class. The most difficult choice you had to make; The time, when you rebelled against the society; What ethics issues bother you the most? An example of being a coward; What is your personal ethical challenge? Have you told much lies? How do you usually treat unknown people? Do you have a habit of eavesdropping? Interests and hobbies Interests make up a huge part of our lives and determine the way we create things. This sphere includes our hobbies and all the events we participate in. If you decide to write an essay on your interests, try to think of the things you like doing, what music you prefer and the ways how you usually spend your free time. It is a topic, which is able to render your passion and show the audience the things, which you care about. The most impressive movie you have ever seen; A song, which always touches you; What talent do you want to possess and why? Is there a book character that you associate yourself with? If you were a movie director, what film would you shoot? When was the time you realized you had a talent? What movie character you would be? TV celebrities you want to have dinner with; Are you good at sports? What activities do you like the most? Traveling Every country, city, street or brick in the wall has its own story. When you are traveling, every stage is full of emotions and impressions. It doesn’t matter how often your classmates go to the mountains or to the beach. Your journey is unique because you see everything with your own eyes. So why don’t you share that experience with the audience? Your first impression from the countryside/ a big city? How you like to travel most of all? Things you always take with you on a journey; If you had enough money, where would you travel to? A perfect vacation spot; Do you have friends from abroad? Tell about a negative experience from your traveling; If you had a chance to go to a school camp once again, would you change anything? A journey you liked most of all. College life College is completely different from school. It is filled with adventures and makes us one step closer to adult life. We meet lots of new people, learn new subjects and dive into the world of independence. Isn’t it a great foundation for outstanding topics? Write about the things, which happened to you in college or about the teachers, who always impress you. College years are by right considered the best in our lives, so don’t waste such an opportunity and share your stories with the world! The most difficult exam you had to take; The most impressive lecture you have ever had; Your first day at a dorm; The most remarkable party you have ever attended; What made you desperate during the college years? Do you befriend with foreign students? Tell about your college social life. Imagine if There is a particular kind of narrative essays, which starts with ‘imagine if’. Such topics usually give you a chance to create a story, which may be possible in the future. It is definitely one of the most simple and interesting types of essays because give students a chance to make up any story they want, giving freedom to imagination and creativity. Imagine if you invented the time machine. Where would you go to? Imagine if you could become an animal. Which one would you choose and why? Imagine if you originated from a different country. Which one would it be and why? Imagine if you had millions of dollars. How would you spend them? Imagine if you were a character from a comic book. What power would you choose and why? New and remarkable topics for a narrative essay Choosing a topic is always a real challenge. That is why our experts have examined the most popular categories and came up with a list of subjects that will surely inspire you. They will make it much easier to choose what to write about and to stand out from the rest! What would you do if you won 10 million dollars in a lottery; A thing you would want to change in your life; Your first job; What would you do if you could turn back the time; The most awful thing you have ever seen in your life; The worst experience of your life; When was the first time you faced fear; Everyday issues, which bother you the most; Your best accomplishments; What do you find annoying about your own personality? Family hobbies, which you like; What makes you different from others; Do your teachers give you the freedom to express yourself? Are you into a healthy lifestyle? Lessons you have learned from sadness; Do you spend much time alone? Are you good at time management? Have you ever faced the police? Useful tips Once you have found the most suitable topic for your narrative essay, you need to proceed with learning your professor’s recommendations. In addition, you should get familiar with the best tips on how to make your essay flawless: Concentrate on specific details, which help to cover the topic. Try not to mention irrelevant information; Never embellish facts. The audience always values sincerity, so try to concentrate on your experience and not on lies; Use transition words to connect various ideas, making the text readable and coherent; Don’t forget about the conclusion. It doesn’t matter what the structure of your essay is, there should always be a summary of everything you have discussed; Make sure you like what you have written. If you don’t like the text yourself, no one will be interested in reading it; Stick to the required format and try not to overload readers with excessive data; Use various stylistic instruments and the first person to show how creative you are; Pay careful attention to the professor’s instructions. Even though narrative essays are quite flexible, there are still patterns that should be followed.

Warren Buffett and His Proven Strategies for Investing Research Paper

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Case Study Summary - Essay Example Most of the processes are automated, but there is a need for human intervention for checking the system. This translated into the scenario where unexpected demand or troubles with the equipments caused inventory management and customer service problems. The year of 1999 was very difficult due to weak international economies, a shortened demand, over-capacity, and a squeeze on prices and margins. So the people at Eastman Chemical Company set the goal of better customer service, lowering operating costs, improving plant performance, and reducing inventory costs. There was a clear need for improving the supply chain planning processes. The solution for Eastman Chemical Company was to implement agile demand planning, agile production scheduling, and efficient distribution of inventories. (Ng, 2002: pp. 1-3). Eastman was the first chemical enterprise to do business online. Eastman was an early adopter of the Internet as an excellent medium of information for leveraging its capabilities. Eastman, headquartered in Kingsport, Tennessee, United States, manufactured over 1,200 chemicals, fibers, and plastics. It was one of the top 10 global suppliers of custom-manufactured fine chemicals for pharmaceutical, agricultural, chemicals, and other markets for a wide array of consumer products. On December 5, 2001, the publication Chemical Week placed Eastman worldwide as 43rd by sales, 59th by profitability, and 29th by innovation in the global industry. As a pioneer in e-business, Eastman had the following online strategy: In July, 1999, Eastman launched its Customer Center over the Internet at eastman.com. At the core of Eastman’s e-business strategy there was the Integrated System Solution (ISS) as the technical architecture for implementing the necessary interconnectivity at the supply chain level. By the year of 2001, Eastman was making about 30% of its sales through eastman.com, eastamanmarketplace.com, online marketplaces, EDI and ISS as its

Australian International History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian International History - Essay Example ts, Australia would still be under the umbrella of the empire and not completely control it's own foreign policy. In the words of B.R. Wise, "I certainly did not anticipate at the time (1888), that in such short a period of twelve years, the then prevalent indifference on the part of Great Britain and suspicion on ours would have given place to the mutual confidence which is now so significant of the relations between the two countries."[1] called "the crimson thread of kinship"[2] with the British, this basically meant that most Australians could trace their roots to the United Kingdom, be it England, Ireland or New Wales, however, in Australia, developed a mix of nationalism and imperialism. The militarizations of Europe posed many threats to Australia and slowly lead to the rise of Australian Nationalism and in time to the formation of a navy under the command of the Commonwealth government in 1909. These events mainly shaped the Australian foreign policy in the period of 1900-1914. According to Paul Kelly, the early commonwealth period saw the establishment of 'The Australian Settlement' comprising five planks: 1. White Australia 2. Industry Protection 3. Wage Arbitration 4. State Paternalism 5. Imperial Benevolences[3] It aimed to create an environment that would be a modified version of capitalism which would function under the already existing imperial machine. The empire was to be responsible to ensure that racial purity (the concept of White Australia) would be protected and enforced and also provide the Commonwealth with the markets and work force for it to establish its presence and develop its resources. However, this goal was easier set than achieved, for Japan allied with Britain in 1902 and even though the British Forces provided the main defences for Australia, [2]. Paul Kelly, The Elf Certainty: The Story of the 19805, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards (NSW), 1992, pp. 1-2 [3]. Paul Kelly, The Elf Certainty: The Story of the 19805, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards (NSW), 1992, pp. 1-2 Britain itself was being challenged by Germany in the northern hemisphere, which left it weak in the pacific and the Commonwealth government anticipated that it may be left dependent on Japan for its defence. This in itself proved to be a challenge to the concept of White Australia as this policy aimed to exclude coloured people from Australia and that included the Asians. Even in being dependent on solely the British Empire, the White Australia policy faced many challenges as the majority of the

History of US Army National Guard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

History of US Army National Guard - Essay Example In 1636 Massachusetts followed in the footsteps of Virginia and established laws for militia on 13th December at the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Dutch settlers in America also formed an organization on the similar lines as the English militia and named it the Burgher Guard. However, in 1653 the Dutch and the English engaged in a conflict over land. Such conflicts would arise time and again but in 1964 the British captured Amsterdam and the Burgher Guard surrendered and was then transformed to foot soldiers under the leadership of Captain Nicholas Bayard. The militia of each colony was responsible for its own funding and upkeep, thus the militia of each colony was vastly different from one another on basis of military equipments and substantial training. The militia assisted the Continental army during the Revolutionary wars and though it is believed that the militia had no crucial role in the winning strategy, it steadily gained importance. The Continental Congress passed its own f irst Militia Act on 18th July, 1775 while New York coded its own Provincial Militia Act on 22nd August, 1775. Federalists were of the opinion that instead of a militia regiment, fully trained and professional soldiers should be hired. But, no one paid attention to their arguments. In fact in 1776, New York’s militia was reorganized into two divisions. The first division included all the Manhattan (present New York) units while the Second division included the rest of the units. Again in 1789 the U.S constitution was signed and soon after in 1792 the U.S. Militia Act was passed. Both these steps proved that U.S supported the idea of including citizens in the military. Though such measures showed the firm belief that the Government had in the militia’s ability, but for some time the ability could not be tested because there was no such need. But, soon enough the militia got an opportunity to display its skills to safeguard the interests of the U.S. The British and the Fr ench were engaged in wars between themselves which interfered with the sea-trading rights of the U.S. The goods ship of several U.S. merchants were seized by the Europeans illegally At last the U.S congress had no other choice but to propose the Embargo Act in 1807 on the recommendation of President Thomas Jefferson which was finally passed as law on 22nd decenber,1907. On12th February, 1808, New York successfully passed the Act of Defense of the Northern and Western Frontiers, to protect its own interests. This increased hostility among the countries and in June, 1812. U.S declared war on Great Britain. This war, known as the War of 1812, continued for almost three years. However, here again the militia had no substantial role in the victory, because the militia was poorly funded and lacked good equipment and leadership. Yet, the U.S won because of the fact that Britain had no interests in the war and was fighting it almost for show. In fact all of Britain’s resources were e ngaged in war with France. Even after defeating France in the wars, Britain had no interests in the War of 1812 and again engaged herself with the colonization of the Eastern parts. The U.S had won the War but Britain did not acknowledge the defeat and offered peace to U.S on 11th February, 1815. The treaty of peace was signed on 20th

Australian International History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian International History - Essay Example ts, Australia would still be under the umbrella of the empire and not completely control it's own foreign policy. In the words of B.R. Wise, "I certainly did not anticipate at the time (1888), that in such short a period of twelve years, the then prevalent indifference on the part of Great Britain and suspicion on ours would have given place to the mutual confidence which is now so significant of the relations between the two countries."[1] called "the crimson thread of kinship"[2] with the British, this basically meant that most Australians could trace their roots to the United Kingdom, be it England, Ireland or New Wales, however, in Australia, developed a mix of nationalism and imperialism. The militarizations of Europe posed many threats to Australia and slowly lead to the rise of Australian Nationalism and in time to the formation of a navy under the command of the Commonwealth government in 1909. These events mainly shaped the Australian foreign policy in the period of 1900-1914. According to Paul Kelly, the early commonwealth period saw the establishment of 'The Australian Settlement' comprising five planks: 1. White Australia 2. Industry Protection 3. Wage Arbitration 4. State Paternalism 5. Imperial Benevolences[3] It aimed to create an environment that would be a modified version of capitalism which would function under the already existing imperial machine. The empire was to be responsible to ensure that racial purity (the concept of White Australia) would be protected and enforced and also provide the Commonwealth with the markets and work force for it to establish its presence and develop its resources. However, this goal was easier set than achieved, for Japan allied with Britain in 1902 and even though the British Forces provided the main defences for Australia, [2]. Paul Kelly, The Elf Certainty: The Story of the 19805, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards (NSW), 1992, pp. 1-2 [3]. Paul Kelly, The Elf Certainty: The Story of the 19805, Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards (NSW), 1992, pp. 1-2 Britain itself was being challenged by Germany in the northern hemisphere, which left it weak in the pacific and the Commonwealth government anticipated that it may be left dependent on Japan for its defence. This in itself proved to be a challenge to the concept of White Australia as this policy aimed to exclude coloured people from Australia and that included the Asians. Even in being dependent on solely the British Empire, the White Australia policy faced many challenges as the majority of the

Research Experiment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Experiment - Assignment Example This theory also suggests that job attitudes are linked to job outcomes. Consequently, organizational attitudes are linked to organizational outcomes (Greenberg, 2013). Background Organizational behavior is a key determinant of how an organization should be managed and led, with the aim of increasing organizational effectiveness. As such, Organizational Behavior Units provide insight and knowledge that advances the understanding of how to manage and lead an organization, with the aim of increasing personal or organizational effectiveness (Ali et al., 2009). Encompassing aspects of sociology, psychology, communication and management, the course has its roots in Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Locke, 1976). This is because organizational behavior determines the effectiveness, hence success of the organization. The factors that affect the general conduct or behavior of an organization should, therefore, be brought in to perspective and manipulated to targets the achievement of ideal results. Indeed, a lot of research has been conducted to try to establish the factors that affect the work outcome in an organization. In particular, the attitude of employees has been deemed an essential variable in these studies. In assessing this variable, many researches have primarily focused on job satisfaction as the key measure of employee attitude (Ali et al., 2009). However, recent researches have delved in to the role of organizational commitment in determining employee attitude and intensions (Greenberg, 2013). The purpose of this study was to establish the factors that drive job satisfaction and organizational commitment at Subway Restaurants. As such, it assessed two variables: job performance and turnover intensions. Job performance has often been related to Job satisfaction more than organizational commitment, with studies establishing mixed results. While some studies have shown a strong correlation between the two, others argue that this correlation is negli gible (Ali et al., 2009). However, almost all of the studies conducted establish a negligible correlation between organizational commitment and job performance. On the other hand, turnover intensions are primarily a factor of organizational commitment. Indeed, studies have shown significant association between the two. However, these studies also show a considerable amount of correlation between turnover intension and Job satisfaction. In fact, studies of facet satisfaction have established significant association between turnover intensions and satisfaction with the job itself, and pay and promotions (Greenberg, 2013). However, combined comparisons of job satisfaction and organizational commitment with turnover intensions have established a greater correlation between turnover intensions and organizational commitment than with job satisfaction (Greenberg, 2013). These findings form the basis for my hypotheses in this research study. Research Questions The participants in this study were primarily the restaurant’s staff in the U.S. and included 2 Restaurant Managers, 3 part time Hospitality Employees, 2 full time Chefs, 2 part-time Administrative Assistant, and a full time Retail Clerk. They were required to answer ten research questions based on their level of agreement with the suggestions as follows: Strongly Agree (5) Agree (4) Most likely/Not sure (3) Probably not (2) Disagree (1)

If I Could Tell You Essay Essay Example for Free

If I Could Tell You Essay Essay TimeTime, said to be eternal, possess neither a beginning nor an end. Yet however there is a fixation on being able to measure it in years, months, days, hours, minutes and seconds. Trying to save time with new technology, manage time with multi-tasking activities. All in the hopes of giving meanings to the past, present and future. The past is able to been seen but not changed, today is in the present yet still unpredictable, and tomorrow is not guaranteed. If I Could Tell You by W. H. Auden is a villanelle much like others using rhyme, repetition, and meter, that revolve around the main idea of the continuity time and its unforeseeable nature. The rhyming of the alternating ending lines, â€Å"Time will say nothing but I told you so† (1) and â€Å"If I could tell you I would let you know† (3) keep the rhyme scheme which stays on the central themes. â€Å"Time will say nothing but i told you so† shows that time keeps going, because this is a statement. Although the things of the future are unforeseeable, it is guaranteed that in the end the only one who will know what will happen is Time. â€Å"If I could tell you I would let you know† show how unforeseeable Time is. Auden knows that he can not see into the future, which is why he says â€Å"If I could †. These two phrases depict the speakers understanding of the continuity of time even though he shows to have a desire to know ahead of time what to do before certain events. The villanelle itself has a rhythm as a whole through periodical thinking. The beginning shows how Time does not wait for anything or anyone, â€Å"nothing but I told you so†. He later goes on to question Time in the second stanza and if we should fight back, which is why he says â€Å"weep when clowns put on their show† and â€Å"stumble when musicians play† which are juxtapositions since these actions are not likely given the circumstances. The third stanza shows the shift as he begins to understand that Time is necessary and things have to happen for a reason, â€Å"the winds must come from somewhere†. In the fourth stanza his train of thought is nearing a conclusion as he begins to wonder if not only do things have to happen, but are they meant to happen for the greater good, â€Å"Perhaps the roses really want to grow†. The ending shows Audens maturity throughout the villanelle and ends with â€Å"If I could tell you I would let you know † stating that Time is out of his hands, but it is acceptable and if there was anyway he could help, he would. Throughout the villanelle, time is personified and introduced to the reader as an unreliable character, through. Auden blames Time for unwanted changes in life, and he repeats the line because he observes that all changes, even those that are unintentional, come with Time. The repetition of Time at the end of the stanza rather than the beginning or end display how eternal time is. The first part of each stanza question Time, but all ends with â€Å"Time will say nothing but I told you so†, explaining that whatever Auden thinks or observes, will all be part of the past in the future. Much like poetry as a whole, used to express emotion and speechless opinions, the villanelle is almost perfect fitting for the theme of time. A villanelles structure alone portrays almost a near exhibition of time. Through the first five stanzas, a villanelle is predictable with tercets although the last stanza is a quatrain. This depiction could be metaphorical that time can be planned although in the end, everything may not come to together as hoped. The meter only emphasises this metaphor more by breaking the alternating line in each of the tercets before at the end. Audens desire to be able to match time is emphasized by the repetition of two phrases by the structure of the poem, which in itself helps portray the author’s idea about times continuity and its unforeseeable nature.

Corporate Social Responsibility Case Study On Ikea Management Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Case Study On Ikea Management Essay This report identifies Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a demanding topic which takes into deep understanding of CSR by depicting a road map of core subjects with related issues and implementation based on the principles of CSR and discusses briefly on its characteristics; pros and cons; theories and approaches; justifications and fundamental principles. This report gives an insight on the significance of CSR and examines in detail about the expected key potential gains from its operational use followed by the discussion on the problems and barriers that CSR generally faces .Finally the report chooses the case study on IKEA and discusses in depth about its CSR experiences by studying its development and strategy dimensions of CSR in corporate social agenda(strategic and responsive forms of CSR) and analyses IKEAs responsibilities as integral elements of strategy with a brief discussion on CSR communication. The concept of CSR has widened its scope and its increasing global de mand makes us to realize the responsibilities of a firm with its dimension towards social, economic and environmental impacts INTRODUCTION: This report identifies Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a hot topic and the reason for choosing CSR is due to its high profile attainment in the academic domain and most of us feel CSR as an absolute necessity to define the roles of organizations in Society and apply their responsibilities to their businesses in terms of social, ethical and legal standards. Moreover, CSR has become a globalised concept and achieved business prominence because of its geographical prevalence from US origin to its widespread suitability and establishment in Europe. This report structures the content to understand the concept of CSR by depicting a road map of core subjects with related issues and implementation based on the principles of CSR and discusses briefly on its characteristics; pros and cons; theories and approaches; justifications and fundamental principles. This report gives an insight on the significance of CSR and examines in detail about the expected key potential gains from its ope rational use followed by the discussion on the problems and barriers that CSR generally faces .Finally the report chooses the case study on IKEA and discusses in depth about its CSR experiences by studying its development and strategy dimensions of CSR in corporate social agenda(strategic and responsive forms of CSR) and analyses IKEAs responsibilities as integral elements of strategy with a brief discussion on CSR communication. UNDERSTANDING CSR: The term CSR seem to be new but research predicts that there has been an evolution of its concept throughout many decades. Way back in 30s of last century, the focus of marketing was initially on distribution and logistic, that was about how to provide some products at minimal cost. With the total marketing, the centre of attention is to set on the selling systems on the marketing mix comprising the 4 Ps: Price, Products, Place, Promotion. Social marketing emerged in the 70s whereby the company decides on the long-term interests of stakeholders internally as well as externally. A stakeholder could be any individual or a group, who can influence or get influenced by behavioral impacts of an organization. The categories of the companys stakeholder are shown in the table below: Companys Organizational structure and location Involvement in the Business activity Internal External Direct Shareholders, investors, managers, employees Customers, Lenders, Tax agencies Indirect Consultants, Suppliers, contractors Community, NGOs, Media General public Professional bodies The impact of any organization on the society through their operations, products or services rendered by associating with stakeholder groups such as customers, suppliers, employees, investors and community and this can be displayed in the form of a diagram below Source: Mallen Baker (2007) Different terms and ideas are associated and so it is difficult to define CSR due to ambiguity in the CSR field of research. There is always a problem to stick onto universal definition of CSR as the concept ranges from mere compliance with law to pure Philanthropy. Corporation refers to group of members acting as an individual, be it for business or elsewhere. Philanthropy has little to do with CSR because philanthropy is about how a company spends its money and CSR is about how a company generates money and how responsibly they conduct their business in doing so. However, European commission identifies CSR as a broad concept and recognizes, CSR as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis(Commission of the European Communities 2001). WHAT CSR IS NOT? 1. It is not an alternative for the regulation of companies! 2. It is not a replacement for how companies should manage their social, ethical and environmental impacts! 3. It will not save the world! CHARACTERISTICS OF CSR: The main features of CSR can be summarised as shown in the table below: Features Description Triple-bottom-line Economic, social and Environmental Voluntary All activities are taken up voluntarily. Stakeholders integrity Connecting all parties involved. Long-term action Carrying activities over a long-term period. Credibility Enhances the credibility of the firm. PROS AND CONS OF CSR: Arguments for CSR Arguments against CSR Enhances reputation in society. Solves the problems caused by business in society. Stabilises corporate power with responsibility. Increases long-term profitability Beyond government regulations. Adjusts to imbalanced demands of stakeholders. Improves environmental conditions. Business should be meant for profit maximization. Enforces unequal costs among competitors. Stakeholders compelled to hidden costs. Business may lack social skills. Makes to forget the aims of the business Social responsibility cannot be a legal responsibility. Places responsibility on the business but not on individual. CSR THEORIES AND APPROACHES: The focus on economic, political, social and ethical aspects in social reality aspects according to Parsons (1961) are primarily based on four features that can be perceived in any social structure such as adaptation to the environment ,goal attainment, social integration and pattern maintenance or latency. This hypothesis led to the classification of CSR theories into four types which can be depicted in the following table with their related approaches. TYPES OF THEORIES AND ITS FOCUS APPROACHES ILLUSTRATION INSTRUMENTAL THEORIES Focus on the economic aspect of the interaction between business and society Augmentation of shareholder value This theory argues that CSR is the only means to the end profits. It is based on wealth creation that is measured by share price. Strategies for competitive advantage Social investments in the context of competition Strategies based on the view of firms available natural resources. Strategies related to the bottom of the economic pyramid. Cause -related marketing Considering Socially recognised philanthropic activities applied as an instrument in marketing POLITICAL THEORIES Focus on the business power applicable in the areas of politics Corporate constitutionalism Firms social responsibilities arise from their strength of social power Integrative social contract Assumption of the existence of contract between the business and society. Corporate citizenship The firm is perceived as a citizen with participation in community. INTEGRATIVE THEORIES Focus on the integration of social demands Issues Management Firms response to the social and political issues and their impacts Public Responsibility Current legal procedures and public policies are considered as recommendations for social performance Stakeholder management Stabilizing the firms stakeholders Corporate social performance Exploring the responses from social legitimacy to social issues ETHICAL THEORIES Focus on the right factor to attain a good society Stakeholder normative theory Considering trustful duties towards firms stakeholders Universal rights Considering the frameworks related to human rights, labour rights and respect for environment Sustainable development Achievement of human progress by accounting present and future generations The common good Awareness towards the common good of society JUSTIFICATIONS FOR CSR: The prevailing justifications for CSR are shown in the picture below: Moral obligation Attaining commercial accomplishment in approaches that tribute ethical value Insufficient assistance to stabilize complicated competence related to social and economic interests. Varied personal values among managers and stakeholders Licence to operate Developing goodwill to safeguard the consent of Governments and stakeholders Licences and approvals are needed for a business to operate. However, this kind of approach will have to compromise in controlling CSR agenda to the externals that lack knowledge about companys operations and competitive positioning. Encourages defensive responses for time being. Sustainability Self-interest to encounter the present needs without compromising the future needs Efficiency on environmental issues yielding immediate economic benefits. In other aspects other than environmental issues, intangible long-term results give a weak justification for short-term costs. Existing justifications focus on the pressure between the firm and society rather than bringing coordination. These generic rationales give a trivial guidance for taking up company activities. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CSR: CSR mainly relies on three fundamental principles such as Economic, Social and Environmental areas. The purpose of CSR is to integrate business activity with its culture for attaining sustainability in its economic, social and environmental areas. Each fragment of CSR includes activities, which differ depending on the type of firm and the needs of stakeholders. ECONOMIC AREA: The firm is expected to behave as a transparent enterprise .Positive relationship among the investors, customers, suppliers and shareholders is expected. Economic impacts at local, national and international levels should be monitored. Stakeholders and the activities of CSR in the economic area of the market are shown in the table below: Economic area Market Stakeholders Owners and investors Customers/consumers Suppliers /partners Regulatory bodies Media CSR activities Creates ethical codex Transparency Best practice management Practice anti-corruption Build Stockholders relations Build Customer/consumer relations Build suppliers relations Build investors relations Protect intellectual property SOCIAL AREA: Responding and tackling the behavioral attitudes to employees in the working environment and focuses on assisting the local community. The company influences the working standards, education, health safety and develops the cultural aspects. The stakeholders and CSR activities in the social area are shown in the table below: Social area Stakeholders Work location Local community Employees Unions Non-Profit organizations Public CSR activities Health safety of the employees Human resources development Get rid of child labour Follow working standards Supporting laid-off employees Assurance of jobs Supporting social integrity Corporate volunteerism Donor ship Educating Public Improving the quality life of employees Creation of jobs and develop local infrastructure. ENVIRONMENTAL AREA: The Company focuses on its impact on ecosystem and elements like land, air and water. The company feels its determination to protect the natural resources. Environmental area Stakeholders Groups related to environmental aspects. CSR activities Eco-friendly processing and manufacturing products and services. Agreement with regulatory and standards(ISO,EMAS) Renewal of energies policy by recycling and using eco-friendly products. Lessening the environmental impacts. Protecting the natural resources. ROADMAP FOR CSR: The following roadmap depicts the core subjects and CSR implementation based on the principles of Source: vi.unctad.org/russiast09/docs/millercsr.ppt CORE SUBJECTS AND ISSUES: Issues related to core subjects of CSR can be depicted from the following table: CORE SUBJECTS ISSUES ORGANIZATIONAL GOVERNANCE Shareholder activism Political economy Cross border investments by foreign investors HUMAN RIGHTS Due attentiveness Risk conditions Escaping complicity Determining grievances Inequity and susceptible groups Civil rights Political rights Employees fundamental rights Socio-economic and cultural rights LABOUR PRACTICES Social conversation Child labour Forced labour Employment relationships Work conditions Social security Health and safety at employment Training and progress in the employment ENVIRONMENT Avoidance of Pollution Maintenance of resources Mitigating and adapting climatic change Protecting the nature REASONABLE OPERATIONS Anti-corruption Sensible political implications Good competition Encouraging social responsibility in the field of influence Assessing the value for property rights CONSUMER ISSUES Awareness Market sensing Health and safety for consumer protection Consumption sustainability Consumer support and solution for disputes Data security and privacy Entry to necessary services COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND IMPROVEMENT Education Culture Creating employment and developing skills Advancement of technology Income generation Social investment Community health CSR DRIVERS: The key drivers of CSR are discussed in the table below: DRIVERS DESCRIPTION Profound self-interest Generate ethical, social and economical cohesion where markets, labour and communities are linked to work together. Social investment Social capitalism and contribution to infrastructure has been seen progressively as necessary part of business activity. Transparency and trust Public perceives business as low ratings of trust. Public expectation about companys openness and accountability leads to prepare a report encompassing their performance in the areas of social and environmental issues. Increased public expectations of business Public expects beyond the companys contribution to the economy by taxation and provision of employment. In addition to the above key drivers, the following list shows general drivers of CSR. Business Risk management Reputation and brand management Learning and innovation Cost savings and operational efficiency Competitiveness and market positioning Improved relations with regulators Organizational transformation and continued improvement IMPLEMENTING CSR: Each firm is unique in its operational procedures, its awareness of CSR issues and the amount of work done towards CSR implementation.Therefore; different firms adopt different frameworks depending on their CSR approach.However, it adds value to the firm when CSR is implemented in a systematic route by integrating its mission, strategy, cultural, environmental and risk profiles, processes and activities. The following framework for CSR implementation gives scope to build quality and environmental management, which follows the model of plan, do, check and improve based on ISO standards .This flexible framework can be adapted by any firm as suitable for its organization. Implementation Framework PHASES STEPS TASKS Plan 1.Perform CSRassessment Gather a CSR management team Work out the definition of CSR Re-examine corporate documents, processes and activities Recognize and connect key stakeholders 2. Build up a CSRstrategy Develop support with experienced managerial staff Investigate others tasks Design a format of proposed CSR activities Build the ideas for scheduling and the business case for them Fix on areas of roadmap, methodology and focus Do 3. Explore CSRcommitments Take a glance on CSR commitments Organize discussions with key stakeholders Design the group to develop the commitments Plan for an introductory draft Check with concerned stakeholders 4. Implement CSRcommitments Build an integrated CSR decision-making framework Prepare a CSR business plan Lay down the quantifiable goals and find out the measures of performance Slot in the employees and to whom so ever applicable to CSR commitments Propose and perform CSR training Set up workshop to address the behavioural problems Design for setting up internal andexternal communications Check 5. Authenticate and report on progress Gauge the performance Hold stakeholders Report on performance Improve 6. Evaluate and Enhance Assess the performance Discover the opportunities for enhancement Engage stakeholders Double-check: Once a cycle completes Go back to plan and go ahead with subsequent cycle SIGNIFICANCE OF CSR: The issue of CSR initiatives and the perceptions of ethical standards have gained more attention by the management in considering approaches to strategic marketing. Usually, CSR is of growing importance towards managing the business processes and is magnetizing growing company investment. Unfortunately, marketing departments lack the skills to manage even the issues related to reputation thereby narrowing the insights. For example, pharmaceutical companies were criticised in the media for arrogance and lack of transparency. In order to rebuild its reputation, Pfizer took initiative to offer free medicines to those who were laid-off during recession. So marketing strategy expects to look for opportunities for better competitive positioning in market segments through increased customer value integrated with CSR initiatives. Majority of business leaders are focusing on CSR as a tool for differentiation and competitive advantage leading to generate revenue. CSR is not only important in considering the consumer relationships but also scrutinizes business-to-business relationships (comprising supply chain partners) with stakeholders like investors, government and lobby groups. CSR is an important business strategy by giving meaning and direction to day to-day operations. Satisfying each of the stakeholder groups allows companies to maximize their commitment to another important stakeholder group-their investors, who benefit most when the needs of these other stakeholder groups are being met. The business succeeds when values within the decision-making process and objectives of the organization are met. Lifestyle brand firms, in particular, need to live the ideals they convey to their consumers. CSR as a strategy is becoming increasingly important for businesses today because of three specific trends shown in the table below: Trends Discussion Changing social expectations: Consumers and society in general expect more from the companies whose products they buy with the regulatory bodies and organizations in place to control corporate excess. Increasing affluence: A society in need of work and inward investment is less likely to enforce strict regulations and penalize organizations that might take their business and money elsewhere. Globalization: The Internet fuels communication among like-minded groups to initiate a product boycott. These three trends portend corporate success. The result of this mix is that consumers today are better informed and feel more empowered to put their beliefs into action. CSR is particularly important within a globalizing world because of the way brands are built, at a time when these values and demands are constantly evolving. CSR can therefore best be described as a total approach to business in maintaining brand dominance. KEY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF CSR: The benefits to firms, community and environment by practicing CSR can be discussed at length in the following table: KEY POTENTIAL BENEFITS DISCUSSION Efficiency in risk management: CSR oversees and scrutinizes the corporate activities by effectively managing the risks involved in governance, social, economic, environmental and legal aspects in day-to-day complicated market, thereby safeguarding the supply for overall market stability. Impact analysis about a firm by considering the concerns of the parties involved is one of the better ways to anticipate in managing the risks. This ultimately sharpens the decision-making. Enhanced reputation management: Reputation of a firm is mainly based on values such as trust, quality, reliability, which reflect the organizations image and brand recognition and so any firm concerned about addressing the CSR issues, can manage their reputation with effective CSR management. Ability to develop the recruitment and retention of staff: Effectiveness in CSR policies improvise the human resource management which has direct impact on firms image related to its products and services.CSR indirectly aids in executing the programs that enhance the morality and loyalty of employees who are valuable resources for companys performance. Fostering innovation, competitiveness and market positioning CSR gives positive impact in avoiding the risks by tackling diverse stakeholders who are the basic sources for generating ideas for novel products and markets thereby differentiating from its competitor, which result in competitive advantage, thus developing competitive strength based on innovative business models. For instance, a certified firm with social and environmental standards improves the chance to become a supplier to specific retailers. Increased operational efficiencies and cost reductions: By implementing CSR, there is always an opportunity to transform waste streams into revenue streams by systematic approach of environmental aspect of renewable energies by reducing costs through recycling. Tangible cost savings signify the reduction in carbon emissions. Building efficient supply chain relationships: A firm is at risk to susceptibility in its supply chain. Companies with like-mindedness can build long-term business relationships with aim to increase their profits by maintaining standards and thereby tackle the risks. Larger firms encourage smaller firms with whom they are related to take up CSR approach. For example, particular retailers may require their suppliers to adopt certain codes and practices. Improved ability to tackle change: CSR aids as a radar to anticipate the emerging market trends and by regular stakeholder dialogue with customers, a company can respond to any changes that occur in regulatory, economic, social and environmental aspects. Generate robust social licence to function in the community: Better understanding between citizen and stakeholder recognition of the firms activities and objectives can render enhanced stakeholder relations, thereby giving scope for robust alliances of public, private and civilized society.CSR enhances the social capital. Enhances investment: As CSR enhances the brand reputation, it leads to raising the companys profile in the investment community. The company value can be improved through further investments.CSR approach drives the financial institutions about incorporation of social and environmental criteria into their project plan leading sharp decision-making of where to invest money and this motivates the investors to look for better CSR management. Better relations with media and government regulators: CSR indicators act as tool for the governments to decide on obtaining export assistance contracts in some countries. In many cases, though CSR activities are beyond the regulatory requirements, governments considered CSR views to expedite the approval processes for firms in order to meet their sustainability goals by recognizing the business sector engagement as a requirement. Building customer relationships: In Cause related marketing the altruistic activities of the firms can be recognized by morally conscious customers who may be flexible in paying higher prices or in reduced costs may increase their purchasing power and so CSR in broader sense has significant impact in building the long-term customer legitimacy,loyalty,trust or brand equity. Acting as a catalyst for responsible consumption: In order to combat with the ever changing consumption patterns, company has to play a key role in achieving sustainability by the way it supplies its goods and services in the marketplace to meet responsible consumerism which considers to relate consumer rights and issues and how well the relationship between producers and consumers is authorized by regulatory bodies. BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES: CSR implementation in a competitive world draws certain barriers and challenges which are due to : Difficulty in implementing CSR concurrently with other business Concerns in a balanced and remarkable manner Difficulty of transparency Lack of clear communication Economic thoughtlessness Various instability problems in developing countries especially problematic for SMEs Complexity of the issues involved and so difficulty in managing the supply chain and regulating the sub-contractors Complex set of issues as CSR covers a broad array of direct and indirect business performances, achievements, and so its impacts differ from one business sector to another International differences that may lead to lack of universal acceptance in examining the potential impacts of CSR. Misinterpretation due to CSR being judged differently in many parts of the world depending on different priorities. For example, Chinese consumers interpret social responsibility as safe, high-quality products, while South Africans consider it as a contribution to healthcare and education. In Australia, Canada, Indonesia and the UK the highest priority is to protect the environment. In Turkey, it is believed as an indicator for charitable donation. In U.S, France, Italy and Switzerland and most of South America, the highest priority is towards fair treatment of employees. Complex set of stakeholders appealing to the business for a CSR attitude the appropriate stakeholders need to be involved stakeholder involvement is important, yet difficult Always ambiguity between CSR and financial success Low voluntary acceptance of CSR can lead to green washing Lack of devices to measure, monitor evaluate and report the impacts Two myths Smaller companies think it the responsibility of the bigger ones and It is mainly a philanthropic exercise High overheads of implementing and sustaining CSR efforts. No universally accepted frameworks Some of the main internal company barriers to CSR initiatives are: Executives recommending strategic marketing programmes that focus on CSR-based positioning must be aware of the likely barriers and challenges from those who do not believe CSR as a legitimate strategic tool. CASE STUDY: CSR AT IKEA: The reason for choosing IKEA as case study of CSR work is to understand its CSR focus as a leading company, which ranks as the first in CSR in the Accountabilitys Responsible Competitiveness Index 2008 (RCI). IKEA was selected due to its long history and experience in the area and its response to several CSR-related crises and criticisms that has enabled the organization to develop structured policies and a range of collaborations and initiatives with stakeholders and could set an example for companies aiming to develop their economic and environmental sustainability. IKEA is a value-based Swedish furniture giant that has wide recognition for its focus on cost reduction and it is a progressive company that manages to integrate its cost focus with CSR issues. This report discusses in detail about how this integration is possible for IKEA and it is interesting to know its implications for other companies who want to combine CSR into their business practices. The CSR experience gained by IKEA can make other companies to realise that CSR is not necessarily a cost addition but it is a cost-cutter, which imparts increasing knowledge on how companies can be socially responsible. The aim is therefore to analyze the relationship between the value addition by CSR for a company to its corporate strategy. Public awareness about IKEAs CSR activities is only through proper communication and so this report investigates on how the CSR is communicated by IKEA. This report d