The Revolutionary Style Of Art - 1555 Words

As we continue to study art history, we were impressed to discover how the human beings are looking every day for change and develop, and the art work as a mirror that reflect that change. Starting from Neoclassicism art which was a reaction to the Rococo art. To the Romanticism art that was a reaction to the Neoclassicism art, and reaching the Realism art which was a reaction to both Neoclassicism and Romanticism arts. All these art movements came as a reaction to the previous one, but that does not mean that the artist of the new art would reject the preceding art elements completely. The artist would reshape some of the former art elements and work to develop them in order to reflect the era change constantly. The era change continuously, but the subject matter in all these art movements have a similar content. The subject matter we choose to talk about is the revolutionary style in these movement and how the artist in that art manner present his ideas about the revolution in his time. Neo Classicism The Neoclassical art came as a reaction to the silliness of the Rococo art style and to the emotion fullness of the Baroque art. Neoclassical art was a serious art and unemotional which was influenced by the ancient Greece and Rome art. The neoclassical art look back to Poussin’s art as inspiration. Neoclassicists wanted to express the intellectuality in their art. To examine this art, we choose to study a painting that tell a story from the ClassicalShow MoreRelatedContemporary Artist : Walton Ford Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesAudubon and other Naturalists in the style of the paintings. Walton Ford creates paintings that are considered a new and modern style. The paintings created represent more than an animal in a habitat. Ford creates paintings that makes the viewer wonder if the painting is cheerful and natural, or grotesque and disturbing. By putting a twist on a traditional style, Ford intrigues the viewers and creates a revolutionary change in how people view modern and traditional art. Walton Ford creates paintingsRead MoreImpressionism And Its Influence On Art716 Words   |  3 Pagesoften considered the first, true, modern art style. Do you agree with this statement, or not? In your post, please refer to both Impressionist images and earlier art to support your discussion. According to Giuntini the period of modernism began in 1850 and goes to 1960. (2015, para. 2) Moreover, Giuntini continued that it started with Realist and ended with Abstract Impressionism. Other sources say that Impressionism was the first truly modern artistic style. I am a tendency to agree with that statementRead MoreKazimir Malevich As A Modernist719 Words   |  3 Pagesmodernist. I will present how his means of expression and style changed with time, making references to his work, history and cultural context. First, I will explain the principles of avant-garde and modernism, and show painters background. Secondly, I will research on the beginnings of his work, and how he came to suprematism. Then I will focus on the final period of his life and artwork. Kazimir Malevich was a Russian painter and art theorist, living at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Jan Van Eyck s The Dutch And Flemish1721 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing inspiration from their Italian neighbors, and the International Gothic style, they looked forward and redefined painting as a style, while also changing arts meaning. Making the characters true to life in artwork was a new feat never before seen until the High Renaissance in Italy. Jan Van Eyck took the Netherlands by storm by renovating the International Gothic style, and creating a more naturalistic style that spawned dozens of copiers, and inspired artists to strive for a more realisticRead More20th Century and Atonal Music Essay examples862 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor: Leslie Berry Midterm Bella Lee 1. Between 1900 and 1925, traditional norms were violated or abandoned in art, music, and literature. What factors might have brought about this situation? Offer specific examples to illustrate your general statements (think of Picasso, Matisse, Brancusi, and Mondrian). Pablo Picasso, who was born in Malaga, Spain, changed and created new style of painting while moving from a place to another. He went throng his blue period, in which he used different shadesRead More Emory Douglas: All Power to the People1059 Words   |  5 PagesGun-slinging, militant-looking, irate adolescent African American men, women, and children: an incessant image employed by the revolutionary artist Emory Douglas. Douglas is perhaps one of the most iconic artists’ of the 20th century and has created thousands of influential protest images that remain unforgettable to this day. Through the use of compelling images Emory Douglas aided in defining the distinct visual aesthetic of the Black Panther Party’s newspapers, pamphlets, and posters. It wasRead MoreEssay on The Surrealist Movement in Arts Influence on Fashion1528 Words   |  7 PagesI will account for how the Surrealist movement in art has influenced the progress and growth of fashion worldwide and o ur sense of appearance. Furthermore, this essay will analyse the influence that surrealism has been having on fashion today. I will also be discussing the influence that Elsa Schiaparelli has been having on the distinct creation of surrealism in fashion, focusing specifically on how she became the leading figure in merging art with fashion by introducing surrealist ideas in herRead MoreKorda Essay795 Words   |  4 Pagesevents have been captured through art for centuries. Photography is one form of art that has documented and symbolized historic events that are still used today as historical documents. A Cuban photographer, Alberto Diaz Gutierrez, also known as Alberto Korda, famously documented the events of the Cuban Revolution. Alberto Korda became the world’s most famous Cuban photographer for his photography, documenting history of the revolution with over 55,000 revolutionary themed photographs. Korda wasRead MoreThe Film Red Detachment Of Women1541 Words   |  7 PagesIn subsequent years following the establishment of the People’s Republic of China came a revolutionary new approach to not only producing films, but also film’s very role in communist society. During this period the state gained complete control of the filmmaking industry, decreeing that the utilitarian functions of art and literature were to become a powerful weapon in serving the revolutionary struggle. In an otherwise artistically stifling period in which socialist realism pervaded all creativeRead MoreThe Renaissance in Europe1418 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribes the rebirth of art and learning that occurred in Europe between the 1400s and 1600s. During the era known as the Renaissance, Europe underwent a cultural movement in which people regained interest in the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome. A renewed interest in philosophy and human individuality lead to the development of more wor ldly and nonreligious focuses. Europe sought knowledge from the ancient world and moved out of the Dark Ages. There was an explosion in art, literature, and architecture

Essay on The Effect of Technology on a Persons Attention...

Mom, I need to go Im driving. Just text me what you need to say, its faster. And those were the last words this mother heard from her daughter before she was in a fatal car accusent. The luxuries that this modern-day society had developed is great in some aspects, but the underlying truth of the matter is that the fast paced nature of technology is handicapping some to the extent that they cannot even hold a decent conversation. In the novel, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradybury, the poem, The Sound of Silence by Paul Simon, and also the article, Social Websites Hirt Childrens Brains: Chilling Warning to Parents From Top Neuroscientist, technology is symbolically used to show that it effects the attention span, the ability to†¦show more content†¦The fast paced technology of today is slowly consuming the entire populous of not only first world nations but third world nations are developing technology as well. Slowly but surely, our ways are changing as well as the ways we go abou t problem solving. ..fools said I, You do not know- Silence like a cancer grows. - Hear my words that I might teach you - Take my arms that I might reach you,- But my words like silent raindrops fell-And echoed- In the wells of silence,(Simon 8-14). The silent raindrops that Simon is talking about, are the people spreading technology without setting boundaries to prevent the downsides from happening. As one person gets wet from the raindrops of a storm, another does as well, and so on like a domino effect. The domino effect has been in play with our world ever since the industrial revolution. With technology advancing more and more by the day, millions of the next and current generation are vulnerable to the effects of it. As we know technology takes away from your ability to focus, but also brings your state of mind back a couple years to decades. My fear is that these technologies are infantilizing the brain into the state of small children who areShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Techno logy On Our Lives1065 Words   |  5 PagesWe live in an age where technology is practically unavoidable if you live in a developed area. We don’t realize how much we really rely on technology in almost every facet of our lives. It’s a known fact that it is almost inevitable it will keep advancing, which is imperative to our development; but what about its social effects? There is no doubt in anybody’s mind that technology has definitely helped keep people in better contact than ever before, but the in-person interaction has actually hadRead MoreLifespan Perspectives1061 Words   |  5 Pagesanother, each human develops partly like everyone else, yet partly like no one else. Most of the time human’s attention is focused on one another’s unique qualities instead of realizing how similar humans really are. In fact, as humans, almost everyone has traveled some similar path. People such as, President Barack Obama, Joan of Arc, and Marilyn Monroe shared similar paths of life span development. Each one began to walk at approximately age one, began to talk sentences at about age four, asRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid969 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet can be great source of information, but it has a negative effect on the human brain. In Nicholas Carr’s essay â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid†, he describes how the internet has negatively effected his brain by stating, â€Å"Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski† (Carr 733). The internet has a huge impact on the thinking process of the human brain and it is completely changing the human ability to concentrate for long periods of timeRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Teen s Brain Development1708 Words   |  7 Pages In the world today, the predominant force in teen’s lives is the use of their mobile devices, computers, and other forms of electronics. As the use of technology increases, concerns are growing about the amount of screen time teens should be exposed to, and if the use of technology can affect a teen’s brain development. The American Academy of Pediatrics, or the AAP, is considering raising the two hour screen time limit to four hours because of the growing use of electronics in our day and ageRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Teenagers939 Words   |  4 PagesIn a teenager’s daily they are consumed by the wonders of today’s technology and the social interactions during the day. This extended schedule for teenagers can cause many problems such as sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation in teenagers can cause a lot of problems, in addition to that sleep deprivation is the leading cause of sleep disorders and depression. Sleep deprivation in teen ager can have negative effects in their lives, especially academically and socially. There are different causesRead MoreEssay on Multitasking is A Bad Habit974 Words   |  4 Pagesthe help of technology, many believe that multitasking is becoming a required and helpful skill. Multitasking is actually a detrimental habit. Multitasking divides a persons concentration in order to attempt to complete multiple actions. Even though in the end the tasks are all finished, the quality of the finished task and the time required to finish all the tasks makes multitasking very inefficient. In addition, this division of concentration is causing many people to not pay attention. For mostRead MoreDoes Electronic Communication Affect Our Lives?941 Words   |  4 PagesPhones have taken over In people’s everyday lives, they’re using their phone whether it be for social media, business, or even contacting someone. Electronic communication has a negative effect on our ability to interact with each other because attention spans tend to shorten, they don’t pay attention, and it makes people socially awkward. When having a conversation with someone while they’re on their phone could be a bit distracting. For instance, you’re talking to a friend and your phone receivesRead MoreThe Merriam-Webster dictionary defines technology as, â€Å"The practical application of knowledge in a1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Merriam-Webster dictionary defines technology as, â€Å"The practical application of knowledge in a particular area.† Although, this word with Greek origins is rather lacking in corporeal meaning seeing as it’s used to collectively describe and depict many things including: advancements, inventions, ideas, knowledge and abilities of we as the whole of humanity. Technology has come far from the ancient humans effectively creating flames to the sprawling metropolises, electronics, and rockets ofRead MoreGenetic Disorders: Angelman Syndrome866 Words   |  3 Pageshe called it â€Å"Happy Puppet Syndrome†. He had observed three children that were admitted to his practice that all displayed similar conditions. He was unable to prove that these children were suffering from â€Å"Happy Puppet Syndrome† because of the technology he had so he decided not to publish any of his research on this disorder. It was not until he was on vacation and saw a painting of a boy with a puppet, which reminded him of the children that he had treated, that he decided to report his findingsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Internet Addiction1577 Words   |  7 Pagesinternet. In this day and era, it is impossible to function without the internet. It has been etched into our daily lives – our lives do depend on it in the very literal sense! While the internet has several negative impacts, it has a couple of positive effects as well. Along with oxygen and food, internet has been added onto the list of necessities for survival – especially for the newer and upcoming generation. Internet addiction disorder (IAD) was proposed long ago in 1995 by Ivan Goldberg. IUD is also

East of Eden free essay sample

East of Eden deplores many religious matters, specifically, the concepts of sibling rivalry and the age old battle between good and evil. In the biblical Book of Genesis, the brothers Cain and Abel offer God the father a sacrifice. God favors the shepherd Abels sacrifice of his best lamb over the farmer Cains grain. Subsequently, in a Jealous rage, Cain kills his brother Abel, only to be marked by God and banished to wander the earth. Stanford dropout, John Steinbeck applies the story of Genesis heavily in East of Eden; the concepts of this iblical allusion are evident in both generations of brothers. In each generation, one of the Trask brothers is moral and good while the other brother behaves badly and immorally, already we see how the Trask family parallels Genesis. Because the good Trask brothers are favored, the bad Trask brothers develop envious tendencies and a recurrent theme of sibling rivalry appears throughout the book. We will write a custom essay sample on East of Eden or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first generation of Trask brothers, Charles and Adam, follow the Cain and Abel biblical model from the very beginning. .. its awful not to be loved. Its the worst thing in the world t makes you mean, and violent, and cruel. (Steinbeck 347). This quote epitomizes the root of all evil in the Trask generations- lack of recognition to one of the sons. When their deadbeat father Cyrus favors Adams birthday gift of a puppy over Charles expensive knife, Charles nearly beats Adam to death. Although Charles does not kill Adam, he is a clear allusion to Cain. While Adam wanders the Earth in the army, it is Charles who remains on the farm, where like Cain, he becomes marked with a dark brown scar. Adam therefor, is reflected as Abel. Humans are caught†in their lives, in their thoughts, in their hungers and ambitions, in their avarice and cruelty, and in their kindness and generosity too†in a net of good and evil. (127). This quote is a clear representation of the Adam and Charles relationship throughout the novel. The incident that occurred over a simple birthday gift sparked a Jealous rage that caused Charles and Adam to remain at odds with each other throughout their entire lives despite their love for each other. The next generation of Trask brothers, the dark haired Cal and fair-haired Aaron, also carry out the dynamics of the Cain and Abel tale. Cals Jealousy towards Aron is due to the favoritism that Aron receives from their father Adam; this is especially seen through an episode that resulted in Aarons death. For some reason, Adam favors Aron over Cal and when Cal offers his father a birthday present of $1 5,000 to help him recover his financial losses, Adam scorns him for making the money during a war-time economy. In a rage, Cal takes his brother to isit the notorious prostitute that birthed the two boys. Emotionally traumatized, Aaron runs away to the army during World War l, and dies soon after. Cal lies to Adam when asked about Aarons whereabouts. Where is he? How do I know? said Cal. Am I supposed to look after him? (p. 562). This sequence between Cal and Adam portrays the emotional barrier between the two that seems to bring out the untruthfulness in Cal that reflects his ancient parallel, Cain. Thus, the biblical tale plays out with Cal, although inadvertently, killing his brother. It might be the most important word in the world. That says the way is open. That throws it right back on a the concept of timshel. While psychologically shattered Adam reminisces over Cathy, Lee and Samuel share philosophical discussions over the ancient Hebrew word timshel. Timshel defies the pattern in the Cain and Abel tale, rather than condemning the less favored brother to a life of sin it pursues the issue of free will and grants Cal the strength to depart from the inherently bound evil motives that ossessed him at an early age. East of Eden free essay sample This paper is an analysis and review of the many topics that are presented in John Steinbecks book, East of Eden. This paper is a detailed examination of the different themes that John Steinbeck raises in his book, East of Eden. The author discusses the significance of the storys setting and the different family themes that are dealt with throughout the story as the many different family members history are detailed. The author breaks down the individual characters, their symbolism and relevance to the continuity of the family saga. As life progresses for the three men, all three separate themselves, which brings a peace treaty of sorts. My sympathies are still toward Adam, who deals with the emotional problems he has gotten from his childhood. Charles has turned into a more likeable person, and the evil that was once so dominant in him has almost disappeared by the time the brothers are reunited in chapter seven. We will write a custom essay sample on East of Eden or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The evil has died with Cyrus, and the interaction between the two brothers reflects that. I almost breathed a sigh of relief when Cyrus is finally dead, but it is amazing how quickly fate takes over the story again, and how Steinbeck weaves a new loop into the story.

The Causes of the Persian Gulf War free essay sample

An American perspective on the three main motives of the war. This paper looks at the American perspective on the motives of the the Persian Gulf War. This author discusses the war beginning with a complete history on the state of Iraq that lead to its war with Kuwait and America. Two dozen U.S. and British aircrafts bombed five radar and other anti-aircraft sites around Baghdad with guided missiles yesterday in the first major military action of the Bush administration. It was the largest airstrike against Iraq in two years and hit sites near the Iraqi capital, a significant departure from the low-key enforcement of no-fly zones in the countrys south and north. The U.S.-led alliance declared the zones off-limits to Iraqi aircrafts after the Persian Gulf War. President Bush, speaking at a new conference in Mexico alongside the Mexican President, Vicente Fox, called the raid routine. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes of the Persian Gulf War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But it was widely interpreted in Washington and other world capitals as presaging a get-tough attitude by the new administration toward a country that has vexed U.S. policymakers for more than a decade. Saddam Hussein has got to understand we expect him to conform to the agreement that he signed after The Desert Storm, Bush said (Ricks A1)

Urban Economics The Urbanization Process and its Effects

Introduction The human society can generally be divided into urban and rural inhabitants. For centuries, the majority of the global population lived in rural settlements. However, this trend has been reversed in the last few centuries with more people joining urban settlements. In the last few decades, the world’s population has experienced a great transformation as the urbanization process has taken root.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Urban Economics: The Urbanization Process and its Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The year 2007 was a tipping point when the global urban population became greater than the rural population. This made the world predominantly urban and this trend is expected to continue with the projections indicating that 60% of the world’s population will be living in urban settlements by the year 2030. Considering the prevalence of urbanization in the modern world an d the importance attached to this process, this paper will set out to discuss urbanization. It will begin by providing a historical overview of the process and trace out how urbanization has progressed over the centuries. The paper will then discuss some of the impacts that urbanization has had on society including economic effects, environmental effects, and social effects. Urbanization: A Brief History The size and number of urban settlements in the world have grown impressively over the last century. By definition, urbanization is referred to as â€Å"the process by which rural areas become urbanized because of economic development and industrialization†.1 Researchers indicate that urbanization is initiated when a society develops from the agricultural to the industrial sector.2 In addition to this, urbanization is also caused by the movement of people from rural areas to urban centers that are characterized by high industrialization and greater economic development. Urban areas are normally the centers of trade and commerce in the country. When compared to the rural areas, urban settlements have larger and denser populations. The phenomena of urbanization can be traced back to many millenniums ago. Historians document that around 6,000 years ago, the earliest form of urban life emerged in the geographical region currently occupied by Iraq. These early urban settlements were built around areas where traders converged. Trade was therefore the key catalyst of urbanization. The next major urban settlement took place in South America. Due to the significant agricultural conquest of the Mayans and their complex political organization, urban centers were able to develop. Advancements in Mayan building technology led to the implementation of architectural complexes.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Administrative and economic hubs were establish ed at the epicenter of these complexes and clusters of residential houses were clustered around them. The Chinese built the first large urban settlements in the 13th century and they continued to do this over the following centuries. Some of the major cities built by the Chinese such as Hangzhou and Chang’an were populated with over a million inhabitants making China home to the first large cities of the world.3 Due to the success of the Chinese cities, great dynasties were established and the Chinese civilization witnessed significant advancements. Until the end of the eighteenth century, the bigger percentage of the global population lived in rural settlements. The urban population was scarce due to limited food supplies and poor transportation networks. By 1850, the urban population was only 4% of the entire human population and there were only 110 cities in the whole world with a population above 100,000.4 Most of these cities were located in Europe, Asia, and the America s. The growth of urbanization began earnestly during the nineteenth century. The growth in the urbanization process was accompanied by a marked rise in the world’s population. People migrated in large numbers to the urban centers where they took up work in the industries.5 Europe and the United States experienced the greatest levels of urbanization starting from the mid nineteenth century. By 1890, 20% of the European and American population could be found in urban settlements. The urbanization process in these regions became more intense during the twentieth century and by 1950, the urban population had surpassed 20% in Europe and the US. Urbanization occurred significantly later in the developing world. While high levels of urbanization had been realized in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Australia by the year 1950, limited urbanization existed in South Asia, East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Urban Economics: The U rbanization Process and its Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the rate of urbanization started to increase in the late 20th century and by the beginning of the 21st century, a significant portion of the developing world’s population lived in urban settlements.6 Presently, the developing world is experiencing the highest rate of urban growth. Urbanization has led to the growth of large cities (with a population of over a million) and mega cities (with a population of over 10 million inhabitants). In the initial stages, urban cities were classified as those with over 100,000 inhabitants. However, the population of cities has exploded and today a city with 100,000 people is considered small. The phenomenon of mega-cities has started to take root in all continents. London was the first megacity at around 1990 with a population of 10million.7 However, the number of megacities has increased and by 2005, there were 20 megacities with the majority of these being in developing nations, most notably China and India. Effects of Urbanization Urbanization has some significant consequences on the society. As has been noted from its definition, urbanization promotes development and it leads to increased population density as it promotes the movement of people from one geographical area to another. These occurrences have some significant impacts that can be classified as follows. Economic Effects The economy of a country is greatly influenced by the urbanization process. The correlation between urbanization and economic development can be seen from the fact that all developed nations exhibit high levels of urbanization. Reports indicate that highly industrialized countries such as the US, Germany and Britain have over 75% of their population living in urban areas.8 Urbanization has gained ground in modern society and it is expected to keep growing. Presently, rapid urbanization is mostly taking place in d eveloping nations. High urbanization is seen as a tool for development and many nations have embarked on intensified urbanization projects. The United Nations reports that by the year 2008, over half the world’s population will be living in urban areas. Urbanization encourages global trade by promoting specialization and mass production of goods. Pellow rightfully notes that modernity is almost universally equated with the degree to which a nation has succeeded in urbanizing itself and integrating its urban centers into the global economy.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through novel technology, a country is able to produce goods that can be sold in the global market for a profit increasing the economic well being of the country. By producing goods that can be exported to other countries and creating a market for foreign products, urban centres promote international trade. The influence that urbanization has on the global economy is evident from the fact that the top 600 urban centers in the world generate almost 60% of the whole world’s GDP.9 In addition to this, urbanization promotes trade by increasing the individual consumption level. Researchers agree that urban settlements command an increasingly dominant role in the global economy.10 These are the major centers of both production and consumption. People in urban centers purchase many goods and services due to their increased purchasing power and needs. The overall economy of the country is stimulated by the increased consumption encouraged by urbanization. Urbanization increases the j ob opportunities for the population. This is achieved through the high level of diversification of commercial activities in the country encouraged by urbanization.11 While the rural economy is typically based on agriculture, the urban economy is based on a wide variety of industries and trade opportunities. Individuals are able to seek employment in the various avenues presented by urbanization . In addition to the formal sector in the urban settlements, there are many informal jobs available. The informal sector, which springs up due to urbanization, plays an integral role in the economy of nations. For many developing nations, the informal sector creates many jobs leading to lower unemployment rates. The role of the informal sector is especially prominent in developing nations where 33% to 50% of all output is generated by this sector.12 Environmental Effects Urbanization has some significant impacts on the environment. While the impact of urbanization on the environment was not v ery dramatic, the recent rise of large and megacities has increased the environmental impact that urbanization brings about. To begin with, urbanization has increased the rate at which natural resources are depleted.13 Building huge urban settlements requires more resources that sustaining a rural settlement. Resources such as timber, iron, and stones to name but a few have been exploited to build large cities. Urbanization has had a negative effect on water resources. Huge water resources are required to operate cities. To provide for the enormous water needs of the urban settlements, groundwater has been exploited extensively. Groundwater is the main water source for use in industry, irrigation, and drinking for most urban settlements.14 This overuse of water has had a negative effect on the land above the water bearing aquifers. Land subsidence is one of the negative impacts of groundwater exploitation. This phenomenon refers to the lowering of the land surface due to the compact ing of clay layers within an aquifer due to overexploitation of the water reserves.15 Land subsidence causes disruption of road surfaces and it leads to the development of cracks in buildings. The over-exploitation of groundwater has also contributed to the destruction of wetlands and lakes. As more water is drawn from the ground, the level of infiltration of water from inland rivers, wetlands and lakes increases. This leads to a decline in surface water and wetlands are destroyed. Urbanization has contributed to environmental pollution. The pollution has mostly occurred in regions where urbanization has occurred in an unplanned fashion.16 In these regions, open drains of raw and untreated sewerage are allowed to exist. Open untreated sewerage leads to air pollution as toxic gases are emitted by the decomposing waste. In addition to this, urbanization has led to the problem of garbage disposal. In cities with poor urban planning and services, huge garbage dumps are set up in some pa rts of the city. These dumps lead to the degradation of the natural beauty and pollute the air. Dumps also lead to a spread of diseases and pollute the groundwater as the liquid waste seeps into the ground. Some cities make use of mass incinerators to deal with their waste. However, incinerators produce harmful emissions that are released into the environment. Burning of waste therefore contributes to environmental degradation.17 Population Effects A major issue brought about by urbanization is housing. Researchers admit that rapid urbanization leads to housing management problems since the existing houses are unable to meet the demands of the vast number of people moving into the cities.18 Rapid urbanization results in the concentration of people in small tracks of land. Due to rapid and unplanned urban growth, substandard housing and crowding is prevalent in many urban regions in the developing world. This densification negatively affects the poor who are forced to live in slums a nd shanties. Slums have emerged as a common feature in urban settlements in all developing countries and some developed nations. Slums have non-standard and poor quality housing units and they mostly house the poor communities in the urban settlements. The infrastructure available in most slums is degenerative and there is a socially disorganized neighborhood. The decline in rural development has been blamed on urbanization since this process has contributed to rural population decline. While the fertility rates in both urban and rural areas are equal, urban areas have witnessed an increase in population while rural areas have suffered from a decline. The appeal of better employment prospects and access to health and education facilities has led to the increase in rural-urban migration in many nations.19 The youth have emigrated in large numbers from their rural homes to the urban centers. The rural areas have therefore suffered from under development since the individuals who would serve as the labor force for development have migrated to urban areas. Social Effects Urbanization has a marked impact on some of the major social amenities offered by the nation to its citizens. A study on urbanization and education noted that policy makers regard providing education in urban settlements as a pragmatic decision. This perception is based on a number of factors including the fact that urban areas exhibit higher levels of student enrollment in the country’s education system. Governments are therefore more inclined to offer the best education in urban areas compared to rural areas since it is typically cheaper and more efficient to do so. The greater efficiency arises from the fact that a large portion of the urban population is able to pay for these social services. In this way, urban settlements become centers of learning and innovation is encouraged due to urbanization. In addition to this, the government obtains higher returns from providing public services such as education to the urbanized settlements since the urban living provides greater reinforcement for better academic performance. As such, inhabitants of urban areas have better access to education and training facilities. This leads to a greater intellectual and personal development for individuals in the urban settlements. The better access to education and training prompts some people to migrate from the rural to the urban areas. Urbanization has had an effect on the concept of family and gender roles in society. The urbanization process has contributed to the decline of the traditional family concept. New types of households based on partnerships are emerging. Women in the urban areas are more likely to be engaged in the labor market.20 This participation of women in the labor market arises due to a number of reasons. To begin with, urbanization leads to better education opportunities for both genders. Women with a high level of education are likely to be engaged in the lab or market.21 In addition to this, life in the urban settlements is relatively expensive. Families are therefore able to lead lives that are more comfortable if they have two breadwinners. Urbanization has increased the health outcomes of individuals. The overall health, which comprises of an absence of disease and a presence of mental and social well-being in the individual, has increased dramatically because of urbanization.22 Urban settlements lead to the increase in the quality of life for a large segment of the population. Infectious diseases that are exacerbated by poor quality of life such as typhoid and tuberculosis have reduced drastically due to urbanization. However, urbanization has led to an increase in some non-communicable diseases. These diseases have become prevalent due to the lifestyles and behaviors adopted by people in urban settlements.23 Due to poor diets, lifestyle diseases such as obesity and high blood pressure are prevalent in urban areas. The high levels o f pollution due to the presence of industries and many vehicles in urban areas have increased respiratory ailments such as asthma and bronchitis. In addition to this, urban living can result in poorer mental health outcomes. People in the urban space are exposed to greater levels of mental stress at work and in the home setting. Due to a lack of a good social network, urban settlers are likely to succumb to depression and this will interfere with the individual’s ability to operate normally.24 Discussion It should be noted that Urbanization has occurred in a heterogeneous manner. Some cities have grown into highly efficient centers where innovation and development is abundant. In these model cities, opportunities for prosperities for millions of people have been presented with huge gains. On the other hand, some cities have grown in rampant and unplanned manners leading to great inefficiencies. These cities are fragile in nature and present dangers especially for the poorest residents who lack proper housing and a stable means of livelihood. From this paper, it is clear that the urbanization process has social as well as economic implications. While urbanization can be an effective tool of development, it can also lead to detrimental effects. Specifically, expansive and rapid urbanization can lead to poverty, poor quality of life, and environmental degradation. While most developed nations have been able to manage the negative impacts and mitigate them significantly, a majority of the developing nations are struggling to deal with the impacts of urbanization. The World Development Report asserts that rapid and unplanned urban growth is the source of most of the environmental hazards present in urban regions in the developing world.25 For this reason, urbanization is regarded as a serious global problem. Policy makers all over the world have therefore been forced to recognize the negative impacts that unplanned urban development can bring about in their respective countries. As a result, many countries are investing more in urban planning in order to benefit from urbanization and avoid the negative impacts that this process leads to. Modern cities in developed nations are developed with the environment in mind. Steps are taken to improve the health of the city’s air, water, and land resources. The urban settlements have a sustainability plan that incorporates environmental consciousness in the building of the cities.26 Such plans make recommendations on sustainable transportation, energy use, and economic development in the region. Conclusion This paper set out to discuss urbanization and its impacts on the world. It began by noting that the global urban population has risen from a mere 3% of the world population in the early 1800s to a significant 50% by the year 2007. The paper then traced the history of urbanization from the Arabs in the Middle East to the Chinese in Asia. It then proceeded to demonstrate the urbanization has a positive impact on the economy of the country. The social outcomes of the population are also improved by urbanization as people have better access to amenities such as health and education. However, the paper has also illustrated that while urbanization acts as a force of great development on one hand, it exposes the population to numerous risks on the other. It has recorded how urbanization leads to an intensified pressure on natural resources and negative impacts on the environment. Policy makers should take action to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization and ensure that the global community continues to benefit from this process. References Bengtson VL, ‘Beyond the Nuclear Family: The Increasing Importance of Multigenerational Bonds’, Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 63, no. 1, 2001, pp.1-16. Dociu M Dunarintu A, ‘The Socio-Economic Impact of Urbanization’, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Managem ent Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, 2012, pp. 47-52. Giffin J, Urbanization: Its Effects on Government and Society, Literary Licensing, LLC, London, 2012. Heynen N Kaika M, In the Nature of Cities Urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism, Routledge, NY, 2006. Muggah R, Researching the Urban Dilemma: Urbanization, Poverty and Violence. IDRC, Quebec, 2012. Pellow C, Transnational alliances and global politics New geographies of urban environmental justice struggles, Routledge, New York, 2006, Peng X, Chen X Cheng, Y, Urbanization and its consequences, UNESCO-EOLSS. New York, 2010. Thomas, A, ‘Urbanization Before Cities: Lessons for Social Theory from the Evolution of Cities’, Social Sciences, vol. 18, no. 2, 2012, pp. 211-235. Tolley G, Urbanization and Economic Development, 2009. Web. Vlahov D Galea S, Urbanization, urbanicity and health, Academy of Medicine, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. Wagner L, Urbanization: 21st Century Issues and Challeng es, Nova Publishers, Boston, 2008. Webb B, Sustainability of Groundwater Resources and Its Indicators, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Boston, 2006. Yasin G, Sumaira S Farhan F, ‘Rapid Urbanization as a Source of Social and Ecological Decay: A Case of Multan City, Pakistan’, Asian Social Science, vol. 8, no. 4, 2010, pp. 180-189. Footnotes 1 X Peng, X Chen Y Cheng, Urbanization and its consequences, UNESCO-EOLSS. New York, 2010, p.2. 2 L Wagner, Urbanization: 21st Century Issues and Challenges, Nova Publishers, Boston, 2008, p.30. 3 Ibid, p.3 4 Wagner, p.29. 5 A Thomas ‘Urbanization Before Cities: Lessons for Social Theory from the Evolution of Cities’, Social Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2012, p. 212 6 Wagner, p. 39. 7 Yasin et al., p.182. 8 Ibid, p. 213. 9 R Muggah, Researching the Urban Dilemma: Urbanization, Poverty and Violence, IDRC, Quebec, 2012, p.1. 10 Yasin et al., p. 181. 11 M Dociu A Dunarintu, ‘The Socio-Economic Impac t of Urbanization’, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012, p. 50. 12 X Peng et al., p.3. 13 M Dociu A Dunarintu, p.49. 14 B Webb, Sustainability of Groundwater Resources and Its Indicators, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Boston, 2006, p. 54 15 Ibid, p. 59 16 N Heynen M Kaika, In the Nature of Cities Urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism, Routledge, NY, 2006, p.43. 17 Ibid, p.44. 18 G Tolley, p.1. 19 Yasin et al., p. 183. 20 M Dociu M A Dunarintu, p. 50. 21 Ibid, p.51. 22 D Vlahov S Galea, Urbanization, urbanicity and health, Academy of Medicine, Oxford University Press, NY, 2002, p.24. 23 Ibid, p. 29. 24 V Bengtson, ‘Beyond the Nuclear Family: The Increasing Importance of Multigenerational Bonds’, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 63, No. 1, 2001, p. 5. 25 G Yasin, et al., p.182. 26 N Heynen M Kaika p.52. 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